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Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Jul 2022A 71-year-old woman presented with a rash in the bilateral axillae. Histopathology showed hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis with retention of basophilic keratohyalin...
A 71-year-old woman presented with a rash in the bilateral axillae. Histopathology showed hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis with retention of basophilic keratohyalin granules.
Topics: Aged; Axilla; Exanthema; Female; Humans; Keratosis; Parakeratosis
PubMed: 35614868
DOI: 10.1111/ced.15169 -
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur... Dec 2021Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) are established non-invasive methods in clinical dermatological routine diagnosis. Whereas CLSM... (Review)
Review
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal laser microscopy (CLSM) are established non-invasive methods in clinical dermatological routine diagnosis. Whereas CLSM is especially useful to distinguish between nevi and melanoma, OCT is suitable for the diagnosis and differentiation of non-melanoma skin cancer. Line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) is a new innovative device, which has better cellular resolution than OCT and a higher penetration depth than CLSM. Similar to CLSM, LC-OCT also allows 3D images in real time to be taken. Therefore LC-OCT is very useful for the examination of skin lesions of all kinds, since it unites the features of CLSM and OCT.
Topics: Humans; Melanoma; Microscopy, Confocal; Skin Neoplasms; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 34668985
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-021-04900-7 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Psoriasis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease with a genetic basis. It is characterised by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, parakeratosis and... (Review)
Review
Psoriasis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease with a genetic basis. It is characterised by keratinocyte hyperproliferation, parakeratosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Psoriasis negatively affects a patient's physical and emotional quality of life. Sirtuins (SIRTs; silent information regulators) are an evolutionarily conserved group of enzymes involved in the post-translational modification of proteins, including deacetylation, polyADP-ribosylation, demalonylation and lipoamidation. SIRTs are involved in a number of cellular pathways related to ageing, inflammation, oxidative stress, epigenetics, tumorigenesis, the cell cycle, DNA repair and cell proliferation, positioning them as an essential component in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including psoriasis. Activation of SIRT1 counteracts oxidative-stress-induced damage by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways and may mitigate pathological events in psoriasis. There is a significant reduction in the expression of SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT4 and SIRT5 and an increase in the expression of SIRT6 and SIRT7 in psoriasis. The aim of the review is to draw the attention of physicians and scientists to the importance of SIRTs in dermatology and to provide a basis and impetus for future discussions, research and pharmacological discoveries to modulate SIRT activity. In light of the analysis of the mode of action of SIRTs in psoriasis, SIRT1-SIRT5 agonists and SIRT6 and SIRT7 inhibitors may represent new therapeutic options for the treatment of psoriasis.
Topics: Humans; Sirtuin 1; Sirtuins; Quality of Life; Aging; Psoriasis; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 37445960
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310782 -
Dermatologic Clinics Apr 2021Many pediatric nail findings are normal variants and are no cause for alarm. Others represent congenital abnormalities or genetic syndromes for which there is no cure.... (Review)
Review
Many pediatric nail findings are normal variants and are no cause for alarm. Others represent congenital abnormalities or genetic syndromes for which there is no cure. Still others are inflammatory or infectious entities that require treatment. Pediatric nail disorders are reviewed, along with management.
Topics: Child; Humans; Nail Diseases
PubMed: 33745636
DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2020.12.005 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2021Circumscribed palmoplantar hypokeratosis (CPH) is a rare acquired dermatosis first described in 2002. It affects mostly the thenar or hypothenar eminences of the palm of...
Circumscribed palmoplantar hypokeratosis (CPH) is a rare acquired dermatosis first described in 2002. It affects mostly the thenar or hypothenar eminences of the palm of middle-aged or elderly women and manifests clinically with sharply limited, annular erythematous plaques with a depressed surface, rimmed by a slightly raised, keratotic border. Microscopically, circumscribed palmoplantar hypokeratosis shows a sharp decrease of the horny layer thickness, with few, if any, associated changes (parakeratosis, dermal inflammation). Despite a characteristic clinical and microscopic aspect, the disease remains poorly known, as does its pathogenesis, even if several hypotheses have been proposed (clonal epidermal malformation, disorder of epidermal differentiation/keratinization and/or desquamation, human papillomavirus- or trauma-induced disease). Several therapies have been proposed with varying results, the best ones achieved with surgical excision; however, because the disease is benign, intervention is optional. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Topics: Aged; Epidermis; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 34272006
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.10.015 -
Cutis Jun 2020
Topics: Axilla; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Parakeratosis
PubMed: 32717005
DOI: No ID Found -
CytoJournal 2022Cytology of the uterine cervix is one of the most widely utilized tests and is best known primarily for the cytologic changes seen in precancerous lesions and invasive... (Review)
Review
Cytology of the uterine cervix is one of the most widely utilized tests and is best known primarily for the cytologic changes seen in precancerous lesions and invasive cancer of the uterine cervix. The more common inflammatory conditions of cervicitis and vaginitis are close clinical differentials, especially when they give rise to excessive blood-stained vaginal discharge. These infective conditions also result in variation in the appearance of otherwise benign squamous and glandular cells in cervical cytology specimens. A variety of physiologic and pathologic conditions are responsible for the conversion of polymicrobial flora of the vagina to a monomicrobial one. The latter may overgrow the others and result in inflammation of the cervix and the vagina. Chronic irritation of the cervix due to intrauterine devices, chemical irritants, inflammation/infection, endocrine changes, and reparative changes can lead to worrisome parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis, and squamous metaplasia of non-keratinized squamous mucosa of the cervix and the vagina and may mimic HPV-related changes. Although some benign changes are specific for certain infections, for example, infestation, most of the reactive and hyperplastic cell morphology are important to recognize only due to the significant morphologic overlap with neoplastic changes in cytology specimens. Identification of different pathogens specifically may not be relevant from a clinical point of view, but is undoubtedly a cytologists' privilege to inform the clinician! This chapter describes in detail the cytoplasmic and nuclear reactive changes that are found in specific and non-specific inflammatory conditions. In addition, diagnostic pitfalls are emphasized where necessary.
PubMed: 35673696
DOI: 10.25259/CMAS_03_08_2021 -
Archives of Dermatological Research Mar 2022It is our experience that parakeratosis with pagetosis is common in early melanoma when there is no history of trauma in the anatomical site. In lesions where the...
BACKGROUND
It is our experience that parakeratosis with pagetosis is common in early melanoma when there is no history of trauma in the anatomical site. In lesions where the differential diagnosis includes dysplastic nevus (DN) and melanoma, we hypothesize that parakeratosis may be a marker for cases in which immunohistochemistry (IHC) may identify occult pagetosis.
METHODS
We performed a retrospective case-control study on cases with a histologic differential diagnosis of DN versus melanoma, including 423 cases with parakeratosis and 125 cases without parakeratosis. IHC staining (Mart-1 and/or Sox-10) was performed in all cases. The frequency of pagetosis and diagnostic upgrades in the cases versus the controls was calculated.
RESULTS
The presence of parakeratosis was significantly associated with pagetosis (p < 0.0001). Diagnostic upgrades were more frequent in the cases with parakeratosis versus controls without parakeratosis (p = 0.0029). In the favored moderate DN group, 56% of cases were upgraded compared to 30% of the controls (p = 0.0017). In the favored mild DN and severe DN groups, there were more case upgrades compared to the controls (p = 0.1386, p = 0.2738).
CONCLUSIONS
Parakeratosis may be a useful marker to identify lesions with occult pagetosis for which IHC would be appropriate and may result in a diagnostic upgrade.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Melanoma; Middle Aged; Parakeratosis; Predictive Value of Tests; Retrospective Studies; Skin Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 33733299
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-021-02203-4