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Pediatric Clinics of North America Feb 2022Traveler's diarrhea is the most common travel disease in both children and adults. Adult guidelines for traveler's diarrhea have been established, but significant gaps... (Review)
Review
Traveler's diarrhea is the most common travel disease in both children and adults. Adult guidelines for traveler's diarrhea have been established, but significant gaps persist in guidance for the evaluation and management of pediatric traveler's diarrhea. Adult guidelines are not necessarily applicable in children, and it is essential for clinicians to account for the differences in pediatric pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and treatment recommendations when evaluating and managing pediatric traveler's diarrhea.
Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Parasitic Diseases; Risk Factors; Travel; Virus Diseases; Young Adult
PubMed: 34794679
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2021.08.004 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2021As an important type of programmed cell death in addition to apoptosis, necroptosis occurs in a variety of pathophysiological processes, including infections, liver... (Review)
Review
As an important type of programmed cell death in addition to apoptosis, necroptosis occurs in a variety of pathophysiological processes, including infections, liver diseases, kidney injury, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and human tumors. It can be triggered by a variety of factors, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor and Toll‑like receptor families, intracellular DNA and RNA sensors, and interferon, and is mainly mediated by receptor‑interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1), RIP3, and mixed lineage kinase domain‑like protein. A better understanding of the mechanism of necroptosis may be useful in the development of novel drugs for necroptosis‑related diseases. In this review, the focus is on the molecular mechanisms of necroptosis, exploring the role of necroptosis in different pathologies, discussing their potential as a novel therapeutic target for disease therapy, and providing suggestions for further study in this area.
Topics: Apoptosis; Bacterial Infections; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Infections; Mycoses; Necroptosis; Neoplasms; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Parasitic Diseases
PubMed: 33786617
DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4922 -
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology... Jan 2024Animal parasitic diseases not only have an economic impact, but also have serious social and public health impacts. Although antiparasitic drugs can treat these...
Animal parasitic diseases not only have an economic impact, but also have serious social and public health impacts. Although antiparasitic drugs can treat these diseases, it seems difficult for users to comprehensively utilize the information, due to incomplete and difficult data collection. Thus, there is an urgent need to establish a comprehensive database, that includes parasitic diseases and related drugs. In this paper, we develop a knowledge database dedicated to collecting and analyzing animal parasitic diseases and related drugs, named Animal Parasitic Diseases and Drugs Database (APDDD). The current version of APDDD includes animal parasitic disease data of 8 major parasite classifications that cause common parasitic diseases and 96 subclass samples mined from many literature and authoritative books, as well as 182 antiparasitic drugs. Furthermore, we utilized APDDD data to add a knowledge graph representing the relationships between parasitic diseases, drugs, and the targeted gene of drugs acting on parasites. We hope that APDDD will become a good database for animal parasitic diseases and antiparasitic drugs research and that users can gain a more intuitive understanding of the relationships between parasitic diseases, drugs, and targeted genes through the knowledge graph.
Topics: Animals; Parasitic Diseases, Animal; Parasitic Diseases; Parasites; Antiparasitic Agents; Public Health
PubMed: 38000324
DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102096 -
Veterinary Parasitology Jun 2020Diarrhoea is a common, widespread and frustrating reality for sheep enterprises in most sheep producing regions globally and of particular concern in Australia as the... (Review)
Review
Diarrhoea is a common, widespread and frustrating reality for sheep enterprises in most sheep producing regions globally and of particular concern in Australia as the major risk factor for breech flystrike. Parasitic disease has long been recognised as an important factor in diarrhoea in sheep, particularly the gastrointestinal nematodes (Trichostrongylus and Teladorsagia species). This review focuses on the role of parasitic infections in causing diarrhoea in sheep, with emphasis on the epidemiology of diarrhoea outbreaks related to worms and opportunities to manage the risk of diarrhoea outbreaks in sheep related to parasitic infections. Parasitic nematodes damage the gastrointestinal tract via a complex relationship between direct impacts from worms, such as physical changes to the gut mucosa, and indirect effects largely associated with the host response. Diarrhoea associated with large worm burdens is most efficiently managed through integrated parasite management programs. Despite some limitations, measuring faecal worm egg counts remains a mainstay for assessing the contribution of worms to outbreaks of diarrhoea in sheep. Larval hypersensitivity scouring is emerging as a significant cause of worm-related diarrhoea in sheep without large adult worm burdens in some geographic locations. The syndrome describes a heightened inflammatory response to the ingestion of trichostrongylid infective larvae seen in the gut of sheep with diarrhoea, and is most effectively addressed through selecting sheep for low breech soiling ('dag scores'), as worm resistant sheep may show an increased propensity for diarrhoea, even with low rates of larval challenge. Importantly, dag should be considered as a separate trait to WEC in breeding indexes. Outbreaks of diarrhoea in young sheep are often multifactorial, and co-infections with nematodes and other infectious agents associated with diarrhoea are common. This presents challenges for the field investigation of diarrhoea in grazing sheep.
Topics: Animals; Diarrhea; Incidence; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Prevalence; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 32447149
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109139 -
Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za... Jul 2019Exosomes are tiny vesicles secreted by most endogenous cells, and the extracellular vesicles (EVs) are specifically secreted by cells. Recently, it was found that... (Review)
Review
Exosomes are tiny vesicles secreted by most endogenous cells, and the extracellular vesicles (EVs) are specifically secreted by cells. Recently, it was found that exosomes contain a large quantity of important substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which play important roles in material exchange and information transmission in cell-cell communication, and in modulating the immune response, metabolism, and expansion, metastasis, and drug resistance of tumors. This paper summarizes the recent researches on exosomes in parasites and parasitic diseases and hopes to be helpful for improving the researches of parasites and parasitic diseases.
Topics: Animals; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Host-Parasite Interactions; Parasites; Parasitic Diseases; Research
PubMed: 31713395
DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2018162 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are important cytokines playing critical roles in various infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Studies have also shown that IFN-Is... (Review)
Review
Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are important cytokines playing critical roles in various infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Studies have also shown that IFN-Is exhibit 'conflicting' roles in malaria parasite infections. Malaria parasites have a complex life cycle with multiple developing stages in two hosts. Both the liver and blood stages of malaria parasites in a vertebrate host stimulate IFN-I responses. IFN-Is have been shown to inhibit liver and blood stage development, to suppress T cell activation and adaptive immune response, and to promote production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in animal models. Different parasite species or strains trigger distinct IFN-I responses. For example, a strain can stimulate a strong IFN-I response during early infection, whereas its isogenetic strain does not. Host genetic background also greatly influences IFN-I production during malaria infections. Consequently, the effects of IFN-Is on parasitemia and disease symptoms are highly variable depending on the combination of parasite and host species or strains. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7, TLR9, melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) coupled with stimulator of interferon genes (STING) are the major receptors for recognizing parasite nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) to trigger IFN-I responses. IFN-I levels are tightly regulated, and various novel molecules have been identified to regulate IFN-I responses during malaria infections. Here we review the major findings and progress in ligand recognition, signaling pathways, functions, and regulation of IFN-I responses during malaria infections.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Interferon Type I; Malaria; Parasitemia; Plasmodium yoelii
PubMed: 33344264
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.594621 -
Chest May 2020Parasitoses are infectious diseases of global distribution, with predominance in areas of poor sanitation. Parasites cause damage through direct tissue injury and the... (Review)
Review
Parasitoses are infectious diseases of global distribution, with predominance in areas of poor sanitation. Parasites cause damage through direct tissue injury and the inflammatory response generated by their migration and establishment in various organs. Thoracic involvement by parasitic disease can generate both specific and nonspecific clinical, laboratorial, and radiologic manifestations, which often makes their diagnosis challenging. The correct diagnosis is crucial for definition of treatment, which sometimes requires rapid intervention. Based on a literature review of the last few decades, this article aimed to characterize the main radiologic findings related to thoracic manifestations of parasitic diseases, correlating them with radiographic and tomographic images of patients with confirmed diagnosis of such pathologies. The included parasitic diseases are malaria, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, amoebiasis, ascariasis, toxocariasis, strongyloidiasis, dirofilariasis, cysticercosis, echinococcosis, schistosomiasis, and paragonimiasis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Parasitic Diseases; Thoracic Diseases
PubMed: 31978430
DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.12.025 -
Acta Tropica Mar 2020Clonorchiasis is an important food-borne parasitic disease in China, and infection with C. sinensis can cause hepatobiliary diseases. Comprehensive and systematic...
Clonorchiasis is an important food-borne parasitic disease in China, and infection with C. sinensis can cause hepatobiliary diseases. Comprehensive and systematic prevention and control of clonorchiasis requires the establishment of an effective surveillance. A total of 301 surveillance points were set up in 30 provinces across China in 2016, and 1000 people were selected by cluster sampling at each surveillance point annually for C. sinensis infection screening using Kato-Katz thick smear method. C. sinensis infection was detected in 6226 people following screening of 305081 people at the 301 surveillance points in 2016. Infection rate was 2.04%; with C. sinensis infection detected in 70 counties spread across 15 provinces, 89.37% of the infected people were distributed in Jilin, Heilongjiang, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces. Highest infection rate was observed in Da'an city, Jilin Province (49%). The national infection rate in male and female was 2.70% and 1.40% respectively. Infection rate between male and female was significantly different (P <0.01). Disease prevalence increases with age in both male and female, reaches peak in age group 40-49. Result obtained indicate that major C. sinensis endemic areas are distributed in the north and south of China, and areas with high prevalence are distributed along the river system at county level. Result, also, shows that middle-aged men are at high-risk of infection. These results suggest that surveillance activities should be sustained nationwide and highlight the need for an integrated approach to control C. sinensis transmission in regions with high disease prevalence in China.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; China; Clonorchiasis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Time Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 31877282
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105320 -
Journal of the European Academy of... Dec 2022Itch is the most common skin symptom among tropical parasitic diseases (TPD), but there are limited data about its characteristics in these conditions. In dermatology... (Review)
Review
Itch is the most common skin symptom among tropical parasitic diseases (TPD), but there are limited data about its characteristics in these conditions. In dermatology practices and travellers' health clinics in the developed world, itch is a common complaint among travellers returning from endemic areas, as well among migrants arriving from endemic areas, where they may have been exposed to TPD. Studying aspects of pruritus among TPD may lead to improvements in prompt, accurate diagnosis and management of these conditions. This review examines the major itch-inducing TPDs, including schistosomiasis, echinococcosis, onchocerciasis, scabies, cutaneous larva migrans, larva currens, African trypanosomiasis, dracunculiasis and other causes of travel associated pruritus. We focus on the link between pruritus and other symptoms, aetiology, clinical staging and therapeutic options for these parasitic illnesses. Because some tropical parasitic diseases can present with significant pruritus, we attempt to identify aspects of the pruritus that are characteristic of-or unique to-specific conditions. These diagnostic insights may help clinicians create a rational and focused differential diagnosis and help determine optimal disease management pathways. In this sense, management involves treating the individual, seeking epidemiologically linked cases, preventing recurrences or relapses, and reducing spread of the disease.
Topics: Humans; Travel; Larva Migrans; Parasitic Diseases; Emigrants and Immigrants; Pruritus
PubMed: 35793476
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18408 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Aug 2021The aim of the article is to review recent recommendations on the management of Strongyloidiasis and Chagas disease (ChD) in the context of stem-cell or solid-organ... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The aim of the article is to review recent recommendations on the management of Strongyloidiasis and Chagas disease (ChD) in the context of stem-cell or solid-organ transplantation.
RECENT FINDINGS
An update on laboratory screening, detection of acute disease or reactivation and recommended preventive or therapeutic options in the transplant recipients and donors is presented. Recent epidemiological data showing new estimates on the worldwide burden of both diseases and changes in the classical distribution around the globe should increase awareness and will impact the evaluation and management of transplant recipients and donors in endemic and nonendemic regions.
SUMMARY
Strongyloidiasis and ChD are potentially life threatening if unnoticed in the context of stem-cell or solid-organ transplantation and should be considered in endemic and nonendemic areas. Effective strategies for detection, monitoring, prevention and management are available for both diseases.
Topics: Chagas Disease; Humans; Organ Transplantation; Parasitic Diseases; Stem Cells; Strongyloidiasis; Tissue Donors; Transplant Recipients
PubMed: 34074878
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000741