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Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2021This review described and explains the encapsulation of bioactive compounds by extrusion technologies. Bioactive compounds have many health benefits, but several... (Review)
Review
This review described and explains the encapsulation of bioactive compounds by extrusion technologies. Bioactive compounds have many health benefits, but several drawbacks such as a high organoleptic impact due to the bitterness and acrid taste of some compounds, and limited shelf life reduce the utilization of bioactive compounds in food. Encapsulation of bioactive compounds to prevent their several drawbacks and to increase their utilization in food has been achieved by 'extrusion' technology. The extrusion technologies discussed in the review are hot-melt extrusion, melt injection extrusion process, co-extrusion, and electrostatic extrusion. Extrusion technology as a mode of encapsulation of bioactive compounds as increased the number of bioactive compounds that can be encapsulated. Also, extrusion technology helps to reduce the particle size of encapsulated bioactive compounds which increase their application in the food industry. The reduction in the particle size of the extrudate helps to increase the shelf life of encapsulated bioactive compounds and aid-controlled release in the targeted site in the body.
Topics: Particle Size; Taste; Technology
PubMed: 32729723
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1793724 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Oct 2021The novel particle generation processes of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)/drug have been extensively explored in recent decades due to their wide-range... (Review)
Review
The novel particle generation processes of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)/drug have been extensively explored in recent decades due to their wide-range applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS) is one of the promising techniques to obtain the fine particles (micro to nano-size) of APIs with narrow particle size distribution (PSD). In RESS, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO) and API are used as solvent and solute respectively. In this literature survey, the application of RESS in the formation of fine particles is critically reviewed. Solubility of API in SC CO and supersaturation are the key factors in tuning the particle size. The different approaches to model and predict the solubility of API in SC CO are discussed. Then, the effect of process parameters on mean particle size and the particle size distribution are interpreted in the context of solubility and supersaturation. Furthermore, the less-explored applications of RESS in preparation of solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposome, polymorphic conversion, cocrystallization and inclusion complexation are compared with traditional processes. The solubility enhancement of API in SC CO using co-solvent and its applications in particle generation are explored in published literature. The development and modifications in the conventional RESS process to overcome the limitations of RESS are presented. Finally, the perspective on RESS with special attention to its commercial operation is highlighted.
Topics: Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Solubility; Solutions; Solvents
PubMed: 34530097
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121089 -
Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2022This study was to investigate the airflow characteristics in nasal cavity under different conditions and analyze the effects of different respiratory intensity, particle...
This study was to investigate the airflow characteristics in nasal cavity under different conditions and analyze the effects of different respiratory intensity, particle diameter, and particle density on the deposition of particles carried by airflow in the nasal cavity, respectively. The three-dimensional geometric model of the nasal cavity was established based on typical medical images. The SST k- turbulence model in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate the airflow in the nasal cavity, and the deposition of particles in the airflow was analyzed with the Lagrange discrete phase model. The results showed that the air in the nasal cavity flows in the left and right nasal passages through the perforation in front of the nasal septum and forms a vortex structure at the perforation site, and the particle deposition efficiencies (DE) under perforation nasal cavity are higher than that under normal nasal cavity. Different parameters had different effects on the particle DE. The results showed that the DE of particles with smaller size (≤2.5 m) is lower; the higher the respiration intensity, the greater the influence on the DE of the larger particle size; and the larger particle density (>1550 kg·m) has little effect on the DE of larger particle size (DP = 10 m). The results agree well with the corresponding research data.
Topics: Computer Simulation; Humans; Hydrodynamics; Nasal Cavity; Nose; Particle Size
PubMed: 36046012
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8706978 -
Luminescence : the Journal of... Feb 2021This marble extracted from deposits in Elazığ in Turkey resembles red meat in appearance and is only found in Elazığ. This type of marble has been widely used in the...
This marble extracted from deposits in Elazığ in Turkey resembles red meat in appearance and is only found in Elazığ. This type of marble has been widely used in the most famous architectural structures and buildings. In this study, the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of a unique marble that originated from Turkey, named Rosso Levanto, were investigated. Two distinct TL peaks were observed at 160°C and around 375°C. Particle size experiments showed that best TL intensity was seen at 200 μm particle size and therefore dose-response, heating rate, cycle of measurement and fading experiments were carried out on powdered samples with a particle size of 200 μm. The findings revealed good linearity in dose-response, observed up to 0.5 kGy. The reproducibility experiment gave good results, but peak intensity decreased by about 40% in first 6 h of storage in a dark room.
Topics: Calcium Carbonate; Particle Size; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 32725715
DOI: 10.1002/bio.3928 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Mar 2023The aim of this work was to develop approaches to utilize whole particle distributions for both particle size and particle shape parameters to map the full range of...
The aim of this work was to develop approaches to utilize whole particle distributions for both particle size and particle shape parameters to map the full range of particle properties in a curated dataset. It is hoped that such an approach may enable a more complete understanding of the particle landscape as a step towards improving the link between particle properties and processing behaviour. A 1-dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) approach was applied to create a 'morphological distribution landscape'. A dataset of imaged APIs, intermediates and excipients encompassing particle size, particle shape (elongation, length and width) and distribution shape was curated between 2008 and 2022. The curated dataset encompassed over 200 different materials, which included over 150 different APIs, and approximately 3500 unique samples. For the purposes of the current work, only API samples were included. The morphological landscape enables differentiation of materials of equivalent size but varying shape and vice versa. It is hoped that this type of approach can be utilised to better understand the influence of particle properties on pharmaceutical processing behaviour and thereby enable scientists to leverage historical knowledge to highlight and mitigate risks associated to materials of similar morphological nature.
Topics: Particle Size
PubMed: 36804520
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122743 -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Feb 2022The present article introduces a method for fabricating and operating a pneumatic valve to control particle concentration using a microfluidic platform. This platform...
The present article introduces a method for fabricating and operating a pneumatic valve to control particle concentration using a microfluidic platform. This platform has a three-dimensional (3D) network with curved fluid channels and three pneumatic valves, which create networks, channels, and spaces through duplex replication with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The device operates based on the transient response of a fluid flow rate controlled by a pneumatic valve in the following order: (1) sample loading, (2) sample blocking, (3) sample concentration, and (4) sample release. The particles are blocked by thin diaphragm layer deformation of the sieve valve (Vs) plate and accumulate in the curved microfluidic channel. The working fluid is discharged by the actuation of two on/off valves. As a result of the operation, all particles of various magnifications were successfully intercepted and disengaged. When this technology is applied, the operating pressure, the time required for concentration, and the concentration rate may vary depending on the device dimensions and particle size magnification.
Topics: Microfluidic Analytical Techniques; Microfluidics; Particle Size
PubMed: 35188137
DOI: 10.3791/63301 -
The Science of the Total Environment Apr 2020Inhalation of playground dust-derived fine particles in schoolyards poses a risk from exposure to metal(oids) and minerals. In this work, we obtained the total...
Inhalation of playground dust-derived fine particles in schoolyards poses a risk from exposure to metal(oids) and minerals. In this work, we obtained the total concentration and bioaccessibility of metal(oids) with Gamble Solution (GS) and Artificial Lysosomal Fluid (ALF) synthetic solutions, simulating the extracellular neutral pH environment of the lung and the intracellular conditions of the macrophage, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Dynamic Light Scattering analysis (DLS) techniques were used to characterize particles with a size smaller than 2.5 μm, which can be assimilated by macrophages in the deep part of the lung. Arsenic (As), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) showed concentrations of 39.9, 147.9, 286, 1369, 2313, 112,457 mg·kg, respectively. The results indicated that all studied elements were enriched when compared to (i) local geochemical background and (ii) findings reported in other cities around the world. Bioaccessibility of metal(oids) in GS was low-moderate for most studied elements. However, in ALF assays, bioaccessibility was high among the samples: for lead (Pb = 34-100%), arsenic (As = 14.7-100%), copper (Cu = 17.9-100%), and zinc (Zn = 35-52%) possibly related to hydrophobic minerals in dust. SEM and DLS image analysis showed that playground dust particles smaller than 2.5 μm are dominant, particularly particles with a size range of 500-600 nm. The polydispersity detected in these particle sizes showed that most of them might be crystalline compounds (elongated shapes) forming agglomerates instead of combustion particles (spheres). Moreover, the circularity detected varies from 0.57 to 0.79 (low roundness), which corroborates this finding. The presence of agglomerates of ultrafine/nanoparticles containing highly bioaccessible metals in playground sites may have severe implications in children's health. Therefore, further studies are required to characterize the size distribution, structure, shape and composition of such minerals which are essential factors related to the toxicology of inhaled dust particles.
Topics: Cities; Dust; Lysosomes; Metals; Particle Size
PubMed: 31954252
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136481 -
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology May 2022Injectable poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) carries the risk of nodule or microlump formation. Various methods including sonication have been tried to minimize these adverse...
BACKGROUND
Injectable poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) carries the risk of nodule or microlump formation. Various methods including sonication have been tried to minimize these adverse effects of PLLA.
AIMS
This study investigated the change in size, distribution, and properties of PLLA particles after sonication, and the duration of sonication needed to reach the ideal particle size.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Two indicators, the average size of PLLA particles and diameter at 90%, were measured at each timepoint: at 0, 10, 60, 120, and 240 minutes of sonication. The characteristics and particle shape were assessed at 0 and 240 minutes.
RESULTS
The average particle size and the diameter at 90% decreased drastically until 10 minutes of sonication and then increased slightly at 60 minutes. After 60 minutes, the average size and the diameter at 90% gradually decreased over time and reached 42.2 μm and 75.7 μm, respectively, at 120 minutes. After 240 minutes of sonication, the average particle size was 35.9 μm, much smaller than the smallest proper size required (40 μm). Standard deviation decreased gradually over time, which means that a more even distribution was obtained. Crystalline remnants were significantly less left with 120 minutes sonication compared to those with 120 minutes hydration only. PLLA particles were more cracked at the center, and microcrystals were more loosely distributed at the periphery after 120 minutes sonication.
CONCLUSION
Sonication help reduce the average size of PLLA particles and achieve more even distribution. Therefore, we believe sonication may attribute to the safer use of PLLA.
Topics: Humans; Particle Size; Polyesters; Sonication
PubMed: 34423574
DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14392 -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Jun 2023Enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) of cellulosic biomass needs tremendous technological advancement so as to efficiently convert cellulosic biomass into renewable fuels and...
Enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) of cellulosic biomass needs tremendous technological advancement so as to efficiently convert cellulosic biomass into renewable fuels and commodity chemicals. Therefore, development of highly improved process engineering techniques is inevitable to reduce the processing cost of the fluids in the reactor. In this investigation, effect of mixing and particle size on the EH of microcrystalline cotton cellulose (MCC) has been investigated by using a spatially averaged low-dimensional two-mode mixing (TMM) model. The model simulations were carried out for the average particle sizes of MCC ranging from 0.78 to 25.52 μm and mixing speed of η → 0 (very high) to η → 1000 (very low). The effects of mixing and particle size on the formation of glucose and reducing sugar (RS) have been quantified by exploiting the rigorous multistep reaction kinetics and TMM model. To access the bond-breaking ability, its effects on the degree of polymerization (DP) was also analyzed. The results deduced that increase in mixing limitations and reduction in particle size imparts a significant increase in glucose and RS yield while decreasing the DP drastically. Thus, our simulations reveal that while η → 1000 economizes the process by reducing the energy requirements, reduction in particle size can be beneficial for reducing the residence time in the depolymerization of MCC to fuels and chemicals.
Topics: Particle Size; Kinetics; Cellulose; Textiles; Glucose; Hydrolysis
PubMed: 36633758
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04290-z -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Various nanoparticle-based delivery systems have been developed for the encapsulation and protection of active cargoes. Lipid nanoparticles represent one of the most...
Various nanoparticle-based delivery systems have been developed for the encapsulation and protection of active cargoes. Lipid nanoparticles represent one of the most widely used nanoparticle-based delivery systems for in vitro and in vivo applications, especially for the delivery of ribonucleic acid (RNA). In this chapter, a simple bulk mixing method for the encapsulation of RNA is described along with characterization techniques for measuring encapsulation efficiency and nanoparticle physicochemical properties.
Topics: Nanoparticles; RNA; Lipids; Particle Size; Liposomes
PubMed: 38907931
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3918-4_25