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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2020Canine parvoviral enteritis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Tests can detect viral antigen in feces, and characteristic... (Review)
Review
Canine parvoviral enteritis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Tests can detect viral antigen in feces, and characteristic decreases in total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts can increase the index of suspicion in affected cases and can be used to prognosticate morbidity and mortality. The standard of care for infected animals includes IV crystalloid and sometimes colloid fluids, antiemetics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and early enteral nutrition. Vaccination induces protective immunity in most dogs. Vaccination, along with limiting exposure in young puppies, is the most effective means of preventing parvoviral enteritis in dogs.
Topics: Animals; Crystalloid Solutions; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enteritis; Fluid Therapy; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine
PubMed: 32891439
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.008 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2020Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is considered the main cause of reproductive disorders in pigs, which are summarized under the acronym SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification,...
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is considered the main cause of reproductive disorders in pigs, which are summarized under the acronym SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility). In this review the biology of the virus and its structure, pathogenic potential and strain variation, as well as the disease induced by the virus, are described. Known aspects of pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention, particularly by vaccination, are summarized. Furthermore, in recent years 'new' parvoviruses (PPV2 to 7) have been described in pigs. They have been detected in pigs from various parts of the world and their association with clinical signs or disease will be discussed.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Drug Development; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Host Specificity; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Porcine; Phylogeny; Swine; Swine Diseases; Viral Tropism; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 31822635
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.037.033 -
Veterinary Microbiology Aug 2020Despite extensive vaccination, canine parvovirus (CPV) remains a leading infectious cause of canine mortality, especially among juveniles. This review provides an update... (Review)
Review
Despite extensive vaccination, canine parvovirus (CPV) remains a leading infectious cause of canine mortality, especially among juveniles. This review provides an update on CPV vaccine types and vaccination protocols. The design of CPV prevention strategies and vaccination programs with a goal of herd immunity has been hampered by deficiencies of studies that model companion animal viral infections and inform an understanding of the basic reproduction number. However, the most important issue in eradication of CPV disease is represented by immunisation failures including: i) the presence of interfering titres of maternally-derived antibodies; ii) the presence of non-responders; and iii) possible reversion to virulence. In contrast, the role of the CPV variants in immunisation failures is widely debated. Taking into account the reduced circulation of canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 1 in countries where extensive vaccination is carried out, more effort should be made to aim for CPV eradication, including antibody testing to determine the optimal time for vaccinations of pups and adults and homogeneous vaccine coverage of dog population.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Disease Eradication; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Genetic Variation; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 32768213
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108760 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2019Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is caused by a Carnivore protoparvovirus infection. Feline parvovirus (FPV) causes most cases. When Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) first emerged,... (Review)
Review
Feline panleukopenia (FPL) is caused by a Carnivore protoparvovirus infection. Feline parvovirus (FPV) causes most cases. When Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) first emerged, it could not replicate in cats. All current CPV variants (CPV-2a-c) can infect cats to cause subclinical disease or FPL. Feline panleukopenia has re-emerged in Australia in shelter cats associated with failure to vaccinate. Parvoviruses can remain latent in mononuclear cells post-infection. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction are used to determine the infecting strain. Current perspectives on causes, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognostic indicators, and management of outbreaks in shelters are reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Feline Panleukopenia; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine
PubMed: 30967253
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.02.006 -
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K,... Feb 2020Canine parvovirus infection remains to represent a worldwide and commonly occurring infectious disease leading to severe morbidity especially in puppies. The main... (Review)
Review
Canine parvovirus infection remains to represent a worldwide and commonly occurring infectious disease leading to severe morbidity especially in puppies. The main therapeutic approach is primarily based on symptomatic treatment, especially addressing acute gastrointestinal signs as well as treating and preventing potential sepsis due to bacterial translocation. Besides antibiotic and essential fluid therapy, the use of efficient antiemetic and pain medication is required. In addition, early enteral nutrition should be attempted as this has been shown to be associated with a shorter time to recovery. Modulation of the intestinal microbiome could improve clinical signs and possibly aide in avoiding long-term sequelae such as chronic gastrointestinal disease. Treatment with recombinant feline interferon-omega resulted in a lower mortality and a more rapid improvement of clinical signs in several experimental and clinical studies and thus is considered to be effective.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiemetics; Antiviral Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Fluid Therapy; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hypoglycemia; Hypoproteinemia; Immunologic Factors; Nutritional Support; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Potassium; Shock
PubMed: 32059250
DOI: 10.1055/a-1020-3341 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is one of the most important pathogens in dogs, and despite the continual development of vaccines against CPV-2, CPV-2 is still circulating in...
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is one of the most important pathogens in dogs, and despite the continual development of vaccines against CPV-2, CPV-2 is still circulating in the canine population. The CPV-2a/2b/2c variant has replaced the original CPV-2 virus and seems to exhibit accelerated transmission. Although CPV-2 infection has been frequently reported, no studies have summarized information of CPV-2 variants currently circulating worldwide. To track the evolution of CPV-2, we downloaded and analyzed all VP2 sequences from the NCBI database (from 1978 to 2022). We found that CPV-2c shows a tendency to replace CPV-2a as the new dominant variant in Asia, South America, North America and Africa. Additionally, CPV-2c, which is prevalent in most regions of Asia, carries two special mutations in VP2, A5G and Q370R, and has become a dominant mutation with spillover already occurring. In conclusion, this summary of the types of global epidemic variants provides new insight into the evolution of CPV-2 and raises awareness for blocking the spread of this virus. The spread of Asian-derived CPV-2c urgently needs to be further under surveillance.
Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny
PubMed: 36232841
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911540 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Nov 2019An accurate, rapid, and cost-effective biosensor for the quantification of disease biomarkers is vital for the development of early-diagnostic point-of-care systems. The...
An accurate, rapid, and cost-effective biosensor for the quantification of disease biomarkers is vital for the development of early-diagnostic point-of-care systems. The recent discovery of the trans-cleavage property of CRISPR type V effectors makes CRISPR a potential high-accuracy bio-recognition tool. Herein, a CRISPR-Cas12a (cpf1) based electrochemical biosensor (E-CRISPR) is reported, which is more cost-effective and portable than optical-transduction-based biosensors. Through optimizing the in vitro trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a, E-CRIPSR was used to detect viral nucleic acids, including human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) and parvovirus B19 (PB-19), with a picomolar sensitivity. An aptamer-based E-CRISPR cascade was further designed for the detection of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) protein in clinical samples. As demonstrated, E-CRISPR could enable the development of portable, accurate, and cost-effective point-of-care diagnostic systems.
Topics: Acidaminococcus; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Biosensing Techniques; CRISPR-Cas Systems; DNA Cleavage; DNA, Viral; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Human papillomavirus 16; Humans; Immobilized Nucleic Acids; Limit of Detection; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Parvovirus; Sensitivity and Specificity; Surface Properties; Transforming Growth Factor beta1
PubMed: 31568601
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910772 -
Viruses Nov 2019The family Parvoviridae includes an ample and most diverse collection of viruses. Exploring the biological diversity and the inherent complexity in these apparently...
The family Parvoviridae includes an ample and most diverse collection of viruses. Exploring the biological diversity and the inherent complexity in these apparently simple viruses has been a continuous commitment for the scientific community since their first discovery more than fifty years ago. The Special Issue of 'Viruses' dedicated to the 'New Insights into Parvovirus Research' aimed at presenting a 'state of the art' in many aspects of research in the field, at collecting the newest contributions on unresolved issues, and at presenting new approaches exploiting systemic (-omic) methodologies.
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Drug Discovery; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Research; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 31766142
DOI: 10.3390/v11111053 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Apr 2024To evaluate the effectiveness of canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody (CPMA) as a treatment against canine parvovirus (CPV-2)-induced mortality and to support USDA...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody (CPMA) as a treatment against canine parvovirus (CPV-2)-induced mortality and to support USDA product licensure.
ANIMALS
28 purpose-bred Beagle dogs aged 8 weeks were randomized to the treated (n = 21) or control (7) group.
METHODS
Dogs were challenged intranasally with 104.2 TCID50 virulent CPV-2b on Day 0 and monitored for 14 days for fecal viral shed and clinical disease. All dogs began shedding CPV-2 on Day 4 and were treated intravenously with a single dose of either CPMA (0.2 mL/kg) or saline (equal volume). No additional treatments were given to either group. Feces and sera were collected for quantitative analysis of fecal viral shed (hemagglutination) and antibody responses (hemagglutination inhibition and dot-blot ELISA), respectively. Dogs were monitored twice daily for parameters including lymphopenia, fever, vomiting, abnormal feces, inappetence, and lethargy. Humane endpoints triggered euthanasia by a veterinarian masked to treatment groups. The primary outcome variable was prevention of mortality as compared to controls.
RESULTS
Mortality was prevented in all CPMA-treated dogs compared to 57% mortality in the control group (P = .0017, Fisher exact test). Canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody-treated dogs also experienced less severe and/or shorter durations of diarrhea, fever, vomiting, CPV-2 shedding in feces, and lymphopenia. Both groups showed similar immunoglobulin M responses as measured by semiquantitative analysis.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Intravenous administration of CPMA can effectively improve clinical outcome when administered early in CPV-2 disease. Canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody treatment after proven infection does not interfere with adaptive immunity.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Antibodies, Viral; Parvovirus, Canine; Parvoviridae Infections; Dog Diseases; Vomiting; Feces; Lymphopenia; Antibodies, Monoclonal
PubMed: 38295522
DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.09.0541 -
Acta Virologica 2022Parvoviruses affect both vertebrates and invertebrates, and can be both detrimental and benign to the host. Numerous studies about parvovirus-induced apoptotic cell... (Review)
Review
Parvoviruses affect both vertebrates and invertebrates, and can be both detrimental and benign to the host. Numerous studies about parvovirus-induced apoptotic cell death have been researched and reported. In most parvovirus infections, cell death heightens the virus dissemination and causes tissue damage, often leading to disease. Cell cycle arrest also induces cytopathic effects in infected cells and is sometimes a prerequisite to apoptotic cell death. Cell death mechanisms caused by parvovirus infections vary depending on the infecting parvovirus strain and the cell lines involved. Apo-ptosis, however, is a frequent form of cell death induced by parvoviruses. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a major contributor to parvovirus infection-induced cell death. However, other proteins such as the 11 kDa, NP1 and viral genome replication can also induce cell death. Understanding the mechanisms involved in parvovirus cell death, and host response is important in the development of treatment for cytopathic parvoviruses. This review article discusses parvovirus-induced apoptotic cell death and the mechanisms involved. Keywords: apoptosis; cell cycle arrest; cell death; parvovirus; viral protein.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 35766467
DOI: 10.4149/av_2022_210