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Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences Jun 2023Many viruses are involved in concomitant infections, which are prevalent in nature. In mixed infections, one or both infectious agents may be increased, reduced, or both...
Many viruses are involved in concomitant infections, which are prevalent in nature. In mixed infections, one or both infectious agents may be increased, reduced, or both may be increased while the other is suppressed. Canine distemper virus (CDV) and Canine parvovirus- 2 (CPV-2) are important causes of gastroenteritis in dogs. Detection of these viruses is challenging since the symptoms are very similar. CDV is a member of the morbillivirus genus in the family, and CPV-2 is a member of the genus in the family; and both predominantly affect puppies and induce gastrointestinal symptoms in dogs. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the differential diagnosis of dogs with gastrointestinal symptoms. A PCR technique with specific primers was used to identify CDV and CPV-2 infections in gastroenteric dogs, and clinical changes in the infected dogs were monitored. The VP2 structural gene of CPV and the nucleocapsid gene of CDV were partially amplified in the study. PCR amplified the partial fragments of the CDV nucleocapsid (287 bp) and CPV-2 VP2 proteins (583 bp) from feces. In total, 3 out of 36 stool samples were positive for CDV and CPV-2 in the same dogs. Gasterointestinal symptoms also supported the diagnosis of concomitant infection with CDV and CPV-2 in these dogs. Dehydration and diarrhea in dogs can be signs of various diseases, such as viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. After the elimination of non-viral pathogens, CDV and CPV-2 should also be simultaneously investigated to establish what is causing these symptoms. This study demonstrates the potential utility of correct diagnosis for the control of viral infection in dogs, but more research with a broader use of PCR-based detections is needed to assess its impact on differential diagnosis for concomitant infections.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Virus Diseases; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Coinfection; Diarrhea; Distemper Virus, Canine; Parvovirus, Canine; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37389422
DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145023 -
Veterinary Immunology and... Nov 2023Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in small animals, with high mortality and morbidity. Information on the specific...
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in small animals, with high mortality and morbidity. Information on the specific treatment option(s) for CPV diseases (CPVD) is unachievably little. So, the treatment is mainly supportive one. Disruption of dog's innate immune system in viral diseases simply occurs; presumably, the CPV-2 may change the level of some TLRs, interleukins, CD4 and CD8 in the leukocytes of CPVD dogs, and disruptive activities of these immune molecules might be attributable to severe CPVD in dogs. Study on the role of the key immune molecules in CPVD is rare. Herein, by conducting and relating the clinical, para-clinical, immunological and molecular diagnostic tests, we tried to establish how some key immune molecules behave in blood of parvovirus affected dogs. As such, in the 1st study, the mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, IL-1β, IL-6, CD4 and CD8 genes in the leukocytes of CPVD were assessed with quantitative (q)RT-PCR along with CPV-2 detection by rapid immunochromatography and PCR tests. In a 2nd study, the same measurements as in the 1st study were evaluated in two groups of mild versus severe clinical signs of CPVD. Both in the 1st and the 2nd studies leukopenia, much more pronounced in the severe CPVD, and immune dysregulation were observed. In the 1st study, a noticeable increase in the mRNA levels of TLR2 and TLR4 was detected with a slight decrease in TLR9 and a significant decrease in the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, CD4 and CD8 in leukocytes of CPV-infected dogs. Compared to the mild CPVD, the intense of downregulating effects on those immune molecules in the 2nd study was remarkably much more pronounced in the severe CPVD. Overall, it proves strong immune dysregulation and suppression/incompetence and potential T-cells exhaustion in severely CPV-2-affected dogs. Technically and clinically, this would be substantially applicable in canine medicine. By targeting those key immune molecules and their signaling pathways, new clinicodiagnostic approaches for CPVD can be evolved, and biotechnicoclinically this would be substantially applicable in all physiopathological conditions of dogs.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Interleukin-6; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptor 4; Toll-Like Receptor 9; Dog Diseases; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 37939594
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110663 -
Archives of Virology Apr 2022Canine bufavirus (CBuV), a novel protoparvovirus of dogs that is associated with enteric and respiratory symptoms, has been reported only in Italy and China. The enteric...
Canine bufavirus (CBuV), a novel protoparvovirus of dogs that is associated with enteric and respiratory symptoms, has been reported only in Italy and China. The enteric prevalence of CBuV in India was investigated, and the nearly complete genome sequence (4292 bp) was amplified and reconstructed for one strain. A nucleotide sequence alignment indicated 93.42-98.81% identity to the other available CBuV sequences and 70.88-73.39% and 54.4-54.8% identity to human bufavirus and canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), respectively. The current strain is most closely related to Chinese CBuV strains, which together form an Asian lineage. This first report of the prevalence of CBuV in India emphasizes the need for further epidemiological surveillance.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny
PubMed: 35235060
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05398-7 -
Virology Journal Apr 2023A group of DNA viruses called parvoviruses that have significant effects on cancer therapy and genetic engineering applications. After passing through the cell membrane... (Review)
Review
A group of DNA viruses called parvoviruses that have significant effects on cancer therapy and genetic engineering applications. After passing through the cell membrane to reach the cytosol, it moves along the microtubule toward the nuclear membrane. The nuclear localization signal (NLS) is recognized by importin-beta (impβ) and other proteins from the complex outside the nuclear membrane and binds to enter the nucleus via the nuclear pore complex (NPC). There are two main pathways for viruses to enter the nucleus. The classical pathway is through the interaction of imp α and impβ with NLS via NPC. The other is the NPC mediated by the combination of impβ and it. While the capsid is introduced into the nucleus through classical nuclear transduction, there is also a transient nuclear membrane dissolution leading to passive transport into the nucleus, which has been proposed in recent years. This article mainly discusses several nuclear entry pathways and related proteins, providing a reference for subsequent research on viral entry pathways.
Topics: Humans; Nuclear Localization Signals; Cell Nucleus; Nuclear Envelope; Parvovirus; beta Karyopherins; Parvoviridae Infections; Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; alpha Karyopherins
PubMed: 37016419
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02016-z -
Annual Review of Virology Sep 2019Parvoviruses are structurally simple viruses with linear single-stranded DNA genomes and nonenveloped icosahedral capsids. They infect a wide range of animals from... (Review)
Review
Parvoviruses are structurally simple viruses with linear single-stranded DNA genomes and nonenveloped icosahedral capsids. They infect a wide range of animals from insects to humans. Parvovirus B19 is a long-known human pathogen, whereas adeno-associated viruses are nonpathogenic. Since 2005, many parvoviruses have been discovered in human-derived samples: bocaviruses 1-4, parvovirus 4, bufavirus, tusavirus, and cutavirus. Some human parvoviruses have already been shown to cause disease during acute infection, some are associated with chronic diseases, and others still remain to be proven clinically relevant-or harmless commensals, a distinction not as apparent as it might seem. One initially human-labeled parvovirus might not even be a human virus, whereas another was originally overlooked due to inadequate diagnostics. The intention of this review is to follow the rocky road of emerging human parvoviruses from discovery of a DNA sequence to current and future clinical status, highlighting the perils along the way.
Topics: Communicable Diseases, Emerging; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 31283445
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015803 -
Archives of Virology Feb 2024Parvoviruses are responsible for multiple diseases, and there is a critical need for effective antiviral therapies. Specific antiviral treatments for parvovirus... (Review)
Review
Parvoviruses are responsible for multiple diseases, and there is a critical need for effective antiviral therapies. Specific antiviral treatments for parvovirus infections are currently lacking, and the available options are mostly supportive and symptomatic. In recent years, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of parvovirus replication and identifying potential targets for antiviral interventions. This review highlights the structure, pathogenesis, and treatment options for major viruses of the subfamily Parvovirinae, such as parvovirus B19 (B19V), canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), and porcine parvovirus (PPV) and also describes different approaches in the development of antiviral alternatives against parvovirus, including drug repurposing, serendipity, and computational tools (molecular docking and artificial intelligence) in drug discovery. These advances greatly increase the likelihood of discoveries that will lead to potent antiviral strategies against different parvovirus infections.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Antiviral Agents; Artificial Intelligence; Molecular Docking Simulation; Parvovirus B19, Human; Parvovirus; Parvovirinae; Parvoviridae Infections
PubMed: 38378929
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05995-8 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Nov 2022Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) is highly prevalent and causes subclinical to fatal hepatitis, which can occur in outbreaks. Whereas iatrogenic transmission is well...
BACKGROUND
Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) is highly prevalent and causes subclinical to fatal hepatitis, which can occur in outbreaks. Whereas iatrogenic transmission is well documented, the mode of horizontal transmission is not known. The virus is shed in nasal, oral and fecal secretions, and PO transmission has been reported in a single horse.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE
Investigate the efficiency of PO and nasal transmission of EqPV-H in a larger cohort.
METHODS
Prospective experimental transmission study. Eleven EqPV-H-negative horses were inoculated with 5 × 10 genome equivalents EqPV-H. Serum PCR and serology for EqPV-H were performed weekly and monthly, respectively. Horses first were inoculated PO, and then intranasally 8 weeks later.
RESULTS
No horse became viremic or seroconverted within 8 weeks after PO inoculation. After intranasal inoculation, 5 horses became viremic within 6 to 12 weeks and seroconverted within 10 to 19 weeks. After a period without monitoring from 12 to 19 weeks postinoculation, another 5 horses were found to be viremic at 19 to 22 weeks. The second set of 5 horses could have been infected by horizontal transmission from the first 5 because of cohousing.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
We demonstrated that EqPV-H can be transmitted nasally. The prolonged eclipse phase before detectable viremia indicates biosecurity measures to control spread could be impractical.
Topics: Horses; Animals; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal; Horse Diseases; Prospective Studies; Hepatitis
PubMed: 36250682
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16569 -
Australian Veterinary Journal Oct 2020Canine parvovirus (CPV) has been reported throughout the world since the late 1970s. Published information was reviewed to draw insights into the epidemiology,... (Review)
Review
Canine parvovirus (CPV) has been reported throughout the world since the late 1970s. Published information was reviewed to draw insights into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of CPV disease in Australia and the role of scientific research on CPV occurrence, with key research discoveries and knowledge gaps identified. Australian researchers contributed substantially to early findings, including the first reported cases of parvoviral myocarditis, investigations into disease aetiopathogenesis, host and environmental risk factors and links between CPV and feline panleukopenia. Two of the world's first CPV serological surveys were conducted in Australia and a 1980 national veterinary survey of Australian and New Zealand dogs revealed 6824 suspected CPV cases and 1058 deaths. In 2010, an Australian national disease surveillance system was launched; 4940 CPV cases were reported between 2009 and 2014, although underreporting was likely. A 2017 study estimated national incidence to be 4.12 cases per 1000 dogs, and an annual case load of 20,110 based on 4219 CPV case reports in a survey of all Australian veterinary clinics, with a 23.5% response rate. CPV disease risk factors identified included socioeconomic disadvantage, geographical location (rural/remote), season (summer) and rainfall (recent rain and longer dry periods both increasing risk). Age <16 weeks was identified as a risk factor for vaccination failure. Important knowledge gaps exist regarding national canine and feline demographic and CPV case data, vaccination coverage and population immunity, CPV transmission between owned dogs and other carnivore populations in Australia and the most effective methods to control epizootics.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; New Zealand; Parvovirus, Canine
PubMed: 32754949
DOI: 10.1111/avj.13002 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Jan 2021A juvenile raccoon was euthanized because of severe neurologic signs. At postmortem examination, no significant gross lesions were present. Histologic evaluation...
A juvenile raccoon was euthanized because of severe neurologic signs. At postmortem examination, no significant gross lesions were present. Histologic evaluation demonstrated nonsuppurative encephalitis in thalamus, brainstem, and hippocampus, cerebellar Purkinje cell loss, as well as poliomyelitis and demyelination of the spinal cord. Parvovirus antigen-specific immunohistochemistry revealed immunopositive neurons in the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus. A few Purkinje cells were also immunopositive. DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue (thalamus, hippocampus, cerebral cortex) yielded a positive signal using PCR targeting both feline and canine parvovirus. Sequencing analyses from a fragment of the NS1 gene and a portion of the VP2 gene confirmed the presence of DNA of a recent canine parvovirus variant (CPV-2a-like virus) in the cerebellum. Our case provides evidence that a recent canine parvovirus (CPV) strain () can infect cerebral and diencephalic neurons and cause encephalitis in an otherwise healthy raccoon. Parvovirus-induced encephalitis is a differential diagnosis of rabies and canine distemper in raccoons with neurologic signs.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Cerebellum; Encephalitis; Male; Minnesota; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Raccoons
PubMed: 33100176
DOI: 10.1177/1040638720967381 -
Viruses Jun 2023Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are genomic DNA sequences derived from viruses. Some EVEs have open reading frames (ORFs) that can express proteins with physiological...
Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are genomic DNA sequences derived from viruses. Some EVEs have open reading frames (ORFs) that can express proteins with physiological roles in their host. Furthermore, some EVEs exhibit a protective role against exogenous viral infection in their host. Endogenous parvoviral elements (EPVs) are highly represented in mammalian genomes, and although some of them contain ORFs, their function is unknown. We have shown that the locus , an EPV with an intact ORF, is transcribed in (degu). Here we examine the antiviral activity of the protein encoded in this EPV, named DeRep. DeRep was produced in bacteria and used to generate antibodies that recognize DeRep in western blots of degu tissue. To test if DeRep could protect against exogenous parvovirus, we challenged cells with the minute virus of mice (MVM), a model autonomous parvovirus. We observed that MVM protein expression, DNA damage induced by replication, viral DNA, and cytopathic effects are reduced when DeRep is expressed in cells. The results of this study demonstrate that DeRep is expressed in degu and can inhibit parvovirus replication. This is the first time that an EPV has been shown to have antiviral activity against an exogenous virus.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Antiviral Agents; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Genome; Viruses; Mammals
PubMed: 37515112
DOI: 10.3390/v15071420