-
Frontiers in Immunology 2019Cancer cells utilize multiple mechanisms to evade and suppress anticancer immune responses creating a "cold" immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic... (Review)
Review
Cancer cells utilize multiple mechanisms to evade and suppress anticancer immune responses creating a "cold" immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic virotherapy is emerging as a promising approach to revert tumor immunosuppression and enhance the efficacy of other forms of immunotherapy. Growing evidence indicates that oncolytic viruses (OVs) act in a multimodal fashion, inducing immunogenic cell death and thereby eliciting robust anticancer immune responses. In this review, we summarize information about OV-mediated immune conversion of the tumor microenvironment. As a case study we focus on the rodent protoparvovirus H-1PV and its dual role as an oncolytic and immune modulatory agent. Potential strategies to improve H-1PV anticancer efficacy are also discussed.
Topics: H-1 parvovirus; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 31440242
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01848 -
Journal of Wildlife Diseases Oct 2020The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) is the largest mustelid in North Carolina, US, and was once extirpated from the central and western portions of the...
The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) is the largest mustelid in North Carolina, US, and was once extirpated from the central and western portions of the state. Over time and after a successful reintroduction project, otters are now abundant and occur throughout North Carolina. However, there is a concern that diseases may have an impact on the otter population, as well as on other aquatic mammals, either through exposure to emerging diseases, contact with domestic animals such as domestic cats (Felis catus), or less robust condition of individuals through declines in water quality. We tested brain and kidney tissue from harvested otters for the pathogens that cause leptospirosis, parvovirus, and toxoplasmosis. Leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are priority zoonoses and are maintained by domestic and wild mammals. Although parvovirus is not zoonotic, it does affect pets, causing mild to fatal symptoms. Across the 2014-15 and 2015-16 trapping seasons, we tested 220 otters (76 females, 144 males) using real-time PCR for Leptospira interrogans, parvovirus, and Toxoplasma gondii. Of the otters tested, 1% (3/220) were positive for L. interrogans, 19% (41/220) were positive for parvovirus, and 24% (53/220) were positive for T. gondii. Although the pathogens for parvovirus and toxoplasmosis are relatively common in North Carolina otters, the otter harvest has remained steady and the population appears to be abundant and self-sustaining. Therefore, parvovirus and toxoplasmosis do not currently appear to be negatively impacting the population. However, subsequent research should examine transmission parameters between domestic and wild species and the sublethal effects of infection.
Topics: Animals; Female; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Male; North Carolina; Otters; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Toxoplasma; Toxoplasmosis, Animal; Zoonoses
PubMed: 32320341
DOI: 10.7589/2019-05-129 -
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences Dec 2023Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a major causative agent in reproductive pig disease. The swine industry faces a significant economic and epizootic threat; thus, finding a...
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a major causative agent in reproductive pig disease. The swine industry faces a significant economic and epizootic threat; thus, finding a reliable, quick, and practical way to detect it is essential. In this investigation, recombinant PPV VP2 protein was expressed in the Escherichia coli ( E. coli) expression systems. As shown by electron microscopy (TEM), Western blot, and hemagglutination (HA) assays, the recombinant VP2 protein was successfully assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) after being expressed and purified. These VLPs had a structure that was similar to that of real PPV viruses and also exhibited HA activity. These VLPs induced high levels of PPV-specific antibody titers in mice after immunization, indicating that the VLPs may be beneficial as potential candidate antigens. VLPs were used as the coating antigens for the VLP ELISA, and the PPV VLPs-based ELISA displayed a high sensitivity (99%), specificity (93.0%) and agreement rate (98.3%) compared to HI assay, and the agreement rate of this ELISA was 97.5% compared to a commercial ELISA kit. Within a plate, the coefficient of variation (CV) was 10%, and between ELISA plates, the CV was 15%. According to a cross-reactivity assay, the technique was PPV-specific in contrast to other viral illness sera. The PPV VLP indirect-ELISA test for PPV detection in pigs with an inactivated vaccine showed that the PPV-positive rate varied among different sample sources from 88.2 to 89.6%. Our results indicate that this ELISA technique was quick, accurate, and repeatable and may be used for extensive serological research on PPV antibodies in pigs.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Mice; Parvovirus, Porcine; Escherichia coli; Antibodies, Viral; Capsid Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
PubMed: 38088304
DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.148280 -
Viruses May 2021Feline panleukopenia is a severe disease of cats caused by feline parvovirus (FPV), and marginally canine parvovirus (CPV). Despite being less rapid than CPV, FPV...
Feline panleukopenia is a severe disease of cats caused by feline parvovirus (FPV), and marginally canine parvovirus (CPV). Despite being less rapid than CPV, FPV evolution deserves attention, especially since outbreaks of particular severity are currently reported. This apparently different virulence needs monitoring from genetic and clinical points of view. This manuscript explored FPV molecular epidemiology at both Italian and international levels and the possible association between viral phylogeny and disease severity. Sequences from clinical cases of feline panleukopenia in Italy were obtained from 2011 to 2019, and the etiological agent was characterized, distinguishing FPV from CPV. Phylogenetic and phylodynamic analyses were conducted on Italian and international sequences. Moreover, the association between the viral sequence and clinical variables was evaluated on a group of highly characterized patients. After its origin in the 1920s, FPV showed a constant population size until a more recent expansion since 2000. Few long-distance introduction events characterized FPV spreading, however, most of its evolution occurred locally. Although without a strong statistical association, several clinical variables appeared influenced by viral phylogeny, suggesting a differential virulence potentially characterizing FPV strains. These results stress the importance of the continuous study of viral evolution and its repercussions on the disease clinical aspects.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; DNA, Viral; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Evolution, Molecular; Feline Panleukopenia; Feline Panleukopenia Virus; Italy; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny
PubMed: 34070947
DOI: 10.3390/v13061033 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Sep 2020Feces obtained from 204 domestic cats with gastrointestinal symptoms were genetically examined for feline astrovirus (FeAstV) and feline parvovirus (FPV), both of which...
Feces obtained from 204 domestic cats with gastrointestinal symptoms were genetically examined for feline astrovirus (FeAstV) and feline parvovirus (FPV), both of which are known feline gastroenteric viruses. FeAstV detection rates were significantly higher in winter (44.4%) than in other seasons, and in cats under a year old (27.8%) than in a year or older ones (12.4%) (P<0.05). In contrast, no significant seasonal and age differences were obtained in FPV detection rates. Upon FeAstV ORF2 sequence analysis, the 23 present isolates were classified into the same clade (Mamastrovirus 2) as the 18 reference strains from other countries. Our findings suggest that FeAstV is already circulating in Japan, and it is more prevalent in juvenile cats in winter, unlike FPV.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Feline Panleukopenia; Feline Panleukopenia Virus; Female; Japan; Male; Parvoviridae Infections; Prevalence
PubMed: 32759574
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0205 -
Developmental and Comparative Immunology Oct 2023B-cell cloning methods enable the analysis of antibody responses against target antigens and can be used to reveal the host antibody repertoire, antigenic sites...
B-cell cloning methods enable the analysis of antibody responses against target antigens and can be used to reveal the host antibody repertoire, antigenic sites (epitopes), and details of protective immunity against pathogens. Here, we describe improved methods for isolation of canine peripheral blood B cells producing antibodies against canine parvovirus (CPV) capsids by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, followed by cell cloning. We cultured sorted B cells from an immunized dog in vitro and screened for CPV-specific antibody production. Updated canine-specific primer sets were used to amplify and clone the heavy and light chain immunoglobulin sequences directly from the B cells by reverse transcription and PCR. Monoclonal canine IgGs were produced by cloning heavy and light chain sequences into antibody expression vectors, which were screened for CPV binding. Three different canine monoclonal antibodies were analyzed, including two that shared the same heavy chain, and one that had distinct heavy and light chains. The antibodies showed broad binding to CPV variants, and epitopes were mapped to antigenic sites on the capsid. The methods described here are applicable for the isolation of canine B cells and monoclonal antibodies against many antigens.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Parvovirus; Antibodies, Viral; Parvovirus, Canine; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Epitopes; Cloning, Molecular; Parvoviridae Infections
PubMed: 37467826
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104894 -
Preventive Veterinary Medicine Jan 2020Infection of canids with canine parvovirus (CPV) can result in severe, often fatal disease. This study aimed to examine climatic, socioeconomic and geographic risk...
Infection of canids with canine parvovirus (CPV) can result in severe, often fatal disease. This study aimed to examine climatic, socioeconomic and geographic risk factors for CPV infection and CPV-associated euthanasia in Australia. Australian veterinary hospital responses (534; 23.5 %) to a national veterinary survey of CPV case occurrences and euthanasias in 2016 were used. Severe caseloads (>40 cases per annum) were reported by 26 (11 %) hospitals (median 60 cases; IQR 50-110). Case reporting, case numbers, and without-treatment euthanasia were significantly associated with disadvantage across all Socio-Economic Index for Areas quintiles (p < 0.0001) - the greater the disadvantage, the more reports. Strong negative correlations were found between case numbers and the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage (r = -0.3357, p < 0.0001) and also between euthanasia and the Index of Education and Occupation (r = -0.3762, p < 0.0001). Hospitals in more remote areas were also more likely to report cases and to euthanize without treatment (p < 0.0001). Of the climate variables, temperature of the hottest month was most strongly positively correlated with case numbers (r = 0.421, p < 0.0001), and lower annual rainfall was associated with more case-reporting hospitals (p < 0.0001). These results confirm that socioeconomic disadvantage is a significant risk-factor for CPV infection and outcome, and high temperature may also contribute to risk.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Climate; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Euthanasia, Animal; Geography; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 31739219
DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104816 -
Archives of Virology Dec 2023Feline panleukopenia, caused by feline parvovirus (FPV), has been studied worldwide, but there have been very few studies conducted in Vietnam. In this study, 19 rectal...
Feline panleukopenia, caused by feline parvovirus (FPV), has been studied worldwide, but there have been very few studies conducted in Vietnam. In this study, 19 rectal swab samples were collected from northern Vietnam in 2018-2019 and screened for the presence of FPV using PCR. Through sequence analysis of the full-length VP2 gene, it was found that the FPV strains detected in Vietnam were closely related to those obtained from dogs in Vietnam, Asia, Europe, and America. Moreover, the FPV strains found in Vietnam may constitute a distinct group, related to viruses sampled in China. Interestingly, most of the nucleotide changes identified were T-C substitutions.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Dogs; Feline Panleukopenia Virus; Parvovirus, Canine; Parvoviridae Infections; Vietnam; Genetic Variation
PubMed: 38102389
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05946-9 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2020Sepsis is a severe condition associated with high prevalence and mortality rates. Parvovirus enteritis is a predisposing factor for sepsis, as it promotes intestinal...
BACKGROUND
Sepsis is a severe condition associated with high prevalence and mortality rates. Parvovirus enteritis is a predisposing factor for sepsis, as it promotes intestinal bacterial translocation and severe immunosuppression. This makes dogs infected by parvovirus a suitable study population as far as sepsis is concerned. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the differences between two sets of SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) criteria in outcome prediction: SIRS 1991 and SIRS 2001. The possibility of stratifying and classifying septic dogs was assessed using a proposed animal adapted PIRO (Predisposition, Infection, Response and Organ dysfunction) scoring system.
RESULTS
The 72 dogs enrolled in this study were scored for each of the PIRO elements, except for Infection, as all were considered to have the same infection score, and subjected to two sets of SIRS criteria, in order to measure their correlation with the outcome. Concerning SIRS criteria, it was found that the proposed alterations on SIRS 2001 (capillary refill time or mucous membrane colour alteration) were significantly associated with the outcome (OR = 4.09, p < 0.05), contrasting with the 1991 SIRS criteria (p = 0.352) that did not correlate with the outcome. No significant statistical association was found between Predisposition (p = 1), Response (p = 0.1135), Organ dysfunction (p = 0.1135), total PIRO score (p = 0.093) and outcome. To explore the possibility of using the SIRS criteria as a fast decision-making tool, a Fast-and-Frugal tree (FFT) was created with a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 29%.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that increasing the SIRS criteria specificity may improve their prognostic value and their clinical usefulness. In order to improve the proposed PIRO scoring system outcome prediction ability, more specific criteria should be added, mainly inflammatory and organ dysfunction biomarkers.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enteritis; Female; Male; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Prognosis; Sepsis; Severity of Illness Index; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
PubMed: 32539830
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02417-0 -
BMC Veterinary Research Apr 2022Classical porcine parvovirus (PPV1) and novel porcine parvoviruses designated porcine parvovirus 2 through 7 (PPV2-PPV7) are widespread in pig populations. The objective...
BACKGROUND
Classical porcine parvovirus (PPV1) and novel porcine parvoviruses designated porcine parvovirus 2 through 7 (PPV2-PPV7) are widespread in pig populations. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence rates of PPV1-PPV7 in Korea by detecting PPVs in serum, lung and fecal samples and to elucidate the association of PPVs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV), major pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). A total of 286 serum, 481 lung, and 281 fecal samples collected from 2018 to 2020 were analyzed.
RESULTS
The results showed that PPVs are widespread in Korea; the highest detection rates were found in lung samples and ranged from 7.9% (PPV1) to 32.6% (PPV2). Regarding age groups, fattening pigs had the highest detection rates of PPVs, ranging from 6.4% (PPV1) to 36.5% (PPV6); this finding suggests the chronic nature of PPV infections and the continual circulation of these viruses. When compared with PCV2- and PRRSV-negative lung samples, PCV2-positive samples with or without PRRSV positivity had significantly higher detection levels of PPV1 and PPV6. In contrast, the prevalence of PPV2 and PPV7 was significantly higher in PRRSV-infected lung samples regardless of PCV2 detection. PPV5 was detected significantly more frequently in samples with both PCV2 and PRRSV positivity.
CONCLUSIONS
This study could offer a better understanding of the role of PPVs in PCV2 and/or PRRSV infection though further studies are needed to experimentally assess the impact of PPVs in coinfections.
Topics: Animals; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Porcine; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; Prevalence; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35395853
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03236-1