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Viruses Dec 2022Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused... (Review)
Review
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused mainly by viruses (bovine herpesvirus, BVDV, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine coronavirus) and bacteria (, , and ). However, other microorganisms have been recognized to cause BRD. Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel RNA pathogen belonging to the family , first discovered in 2011. It is distributed worldwide in cattle, the main reservoir. IDV has been demonstrated to play a role in BRD, with proven ability to cause respiratory disease, a high transmission rate, and potentiate the effects of other pathogens. The transmission mechanisms of this virus are by direct contact and by aerosol route over short distances. IDV causes lesions in the upper respiratory tract of calves and can also replicate in the lower respiratory tract and cause pneumonia. There is currently no commercial vaccine or specific treatment for IDV. It should be noted that IDV has zoonotic potential and could be a major public health concern if there is a drastic change in its pathogenicity to humans. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding IDV structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Thogotovirus; Cattle Diseases; Mannheimia haemolytica; Bacteria; Viruses; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 36560721
DOI: 10.3390/v14122717 -
Advances in Microbial Physiology 2021Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is responsible for high economic losses in swine herds across the globe. Pleuropneumonia... (Review)
Review
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is responsible for high economic losses in swine herds across the globe. Pleuropneumonia is characterized by severe respiratory distress and high mortality. The knowledge about the interaction between bacterium and host within the porcine respiratory tract has improved significantly in recent years. A. pleuropneumoniae expresses multiple virulence factors, which are required for colonization, immune clearance, and tissue damage. Although vaccines are used to protect swine herds against A. pleuropneumoniae infection, they do not offer complete coverage, and often only protect against the serovar, or serovars, used to prepare the vaccine. This review will summarize the role of individual A. pleuropneumoniae virulence factors that are required during key stages of pathogenesis and disease progression, and highlight progress made toward developing effective and broadly protective vaccines against an organism of great importance to global agriculture and food production.
Topics: Actinobacillus Infections; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Swine; Swine Diseases; Virulence
PubMed: 34147185
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2020.12.001 -
Research in Veterinary Science Dec 2019Pasteurella multocida possesses a polysaccharide capsule composed of a viscous surface layer that acts as a critical structural component and virulence factor. Capsular... (Review)
Review
Pasteurella multocida possesses a polysaccharide capsule composed of a viscous surface layer that acts as a critical structural component and virulence factor. Capsular polysaccharides are structurally similar to vertebrate glycosaminoglycans, providing an immunological mechanism for bacterial molecular mimicry, resistance to phagocytosis, and immune evasion during the infection process. In recent years, a series of important research advances have been made in understanding the biosynthesis and regulatory aspects of the P. multocida capsule. This review systematically examines the serogroups, polysaccharide composition and structures, biosynthetic loci and functions, biosynthesis pathways, and expression regulation mechanisms of the P. multocida capsule, supplying a theoretical basis for the molecular pathogenesis of the P. multocida capsule and the future development of capsular polysaccharide vaccines.
Topics: Bacterial Capsules; Bacterial Vaccines; Pasteurella multocida; Polysaccharides; Serogroup; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31678457
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.011 -
Journal of Medical Microbiology Mar 2022
Topics: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Animals; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35262475
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001515 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Feb 2022The objective of this study was to introduce the evidence obtained through extensive research that periodontitis increases risk of many systemic diseases. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to introduce the evidence obtained through extensive research that periodontitis increases risk of many systemic diseases.
METHOD
Analysis of some oral bacteria (P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and F. nucleatum) and its related treatments and mediators by the specific methods (western blot, ELISA, etc).
RESULTS
This article reviews in detail the evidence obtained through extensive research that periodontitis increases risk of many systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. These diseases are known to be associated with some certain specific gram-negative bacteria as periodontal pathogens, which induce inflammation and related diseases through TLR receptors, kinases, transcriptional factors and other cytokines. We also reviewed the latest research for inhibitors against inflammation and related diseases that have potential to be further applied clinically. In addition, based on a large amount of research evidence, we draw two tables about the mechanism of disease caused by periodontal bacteria, so that readers can easily search and analyze these research results.
DISCUSSION
This review details how the periodontal bacteria and their virulence factors can trigger host immune defense and induce many systemic diseases via inflammation and invasion. This Review also addressed the latest research around inhibitors against inflammation.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Humans; Inflammation; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 34626163
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.499 -
Journal of Proteome Research Jan 2020Nontypeable (NTHi) is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections worldwide and continues to be a global health burden. Adhesion and colonization of host cells are...
Nontypeable (NTHi) is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections worldwide and continues to be a global health burden. Adhesion and colonization of host cells are crucial steps in bacterial pathogenesis, and in many strains of NTHi, the interaction with the host is mediated by the high molecular weight adhesins HMW1A and HMW2A. These adhesins are -glycoproteins that are modified by cytoplasmic glycosyltransferases HMW1C and HMW2C. Phase variation in the number of short sequence repeats in the promoters of 1 and 2 directly affects their expression. Here, we report the presence of similar variable repeat elements in the promoters of 1 and 2 in diverse NTHi isolates. In an ex vivo assay, we systematically altered the substrate and glycosyltransferase expression and showed that both of these factors quantitatively affected the site-specific efficiency of glycosylation on HMW-A. This represents a novel mechanism through which phase variation can generate diversity in the quantitative extent of site-specific post-translational modifications on antigenic surface proteins. Glycosylation occupancy was incomplete at many sites, variable between sites, and generally lower close to the C-terminus of HMW-A. We investigated the causes of this variability. As HMW-C glycosylates HMW-A in the cytoplasm, we tested how secretion affected glycosylation on HMW-A and showed that retaining HMW-A in the cytoplasm indeed increased glycosylation occupancy across the full length of the protein. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that HMW-C had no inherent preference for glycosylating asparagines in NxS or NxT sequons. This work provides key insights into factors contributing to the heterogenous modifications of NTHi HMW-A adhesins, expands knowledge of NTHi population diversity and pathogenic capability, and is relevant to vaccine design for NTHi and related pathogens.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Glycoproteins; Glycosylation; Glycosyltransferases; Haemophilus influenzae; Polysaccharides; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Proteomics; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
PubMed: 31774288
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00657 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Dec 2020Pasteurella multocida possesses a viscous capsule polysaccharide on the cell surface, which is a critical structural component and virulence factor. Capsular... (Review)
Review
Pasteurella multocida possesses a viscous capsule polysaccharide on the cell surface, which is a critical structural component and virulence factor. Capsular polysaccharides are structurally similar to vertebrate glycosaminoglycans, providing an immunological mechanism for bacterial molecular mimicry, resistance to phagocytosis, and immune evasion during the infection process. Based on the capsular antigen, P. multocida is divided into A, B, D, E, and F five serogroups. Previously, we systematically reported the biosynthesis and regulation mechanisms of the P. multocida capsule. In this paper, we take serogroup A capsular polysaccharide as the representative, systematically illuminating the P. multocida capsular virulence and epidemiology, molecular camouflage, adhesion and colonization, anti-phagocytosis, anti-complement system, cell invasion and signal transduction mechanism, to provide a theoretical basis for the research of molecular pathogenic mechanism of P. multocida capsule and the development of polysaccharides vaccine.
Topics: Bacterial Capsules; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 32645423
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104380 -
PloS One 2021Pasteurella multocida is a bacterial pathogen with the ability to infect a multitude of hosts including humans, companion animals, livestock, and wildlife. This study...
Pasteurella multocida is a bacterial pathogen with the ability to infect a multitude of hosts including humans, companion animals, livestock, and wildlife. This study used bioinformatic approaches to explore the genomic diversity of 656 P. multocida isolates and epidemiological associations between host factors and specific genotypes. Isolates included in this study originated from a variety of hosts, including poultry, cattle, swine, rabbits, rodents, and humans, from five different continents. Multi-locus sequence typing identified 69 different sequence types. In-silico methodology for determining capsular serogroup was developed, validated, and applied to all genome sequences, whereby capsular serogroups A, B, D, and F were found. Whole genome phylogeny was constructed from 237,670 core single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and demonstrated an overall lack of host or capsular serogroup specificity, with the exception of isolates from bovine sources. Specific SNVs within the srlB gene were identified in P. multocida subsp. septica genomes, representing specific mutations that may be useful for differentiating one of the three known subspecies. Significant associations were identified between capsular serogroup and virulence factors, including capsular serogroup A and OmpH1, OmpH3, PlpE, and PfhB1; capsular serogroup B and HgbA and PtfA; and capsular serogroup F and PtfA and PlpP. Various mobile genetic elements were identified including those similar to ICEPmu1, ICEhin1056, and IncQ1 plasmids, all of which harbored multiple antimicrobial resistance-encoding genes. Additional analyses were performed on a subset of 99 isolates obtained from turkeys during fowl cholera outbreaks from a single company which revealed that multiple strains of P. multocida were circulating during the outbreak, instead of a single, highly virulent clone. This study further demonstrates the extensive genomic diversity of P. multocida, provides epidemiological context to the various genotyping schemes that have traditionally been used for differentiating isolates, and introduces additional tools for P. multocida molecular typing.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; DNA Transposable Elements; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Poultry Diseases; Serogroup; Turkeys; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33822782
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249138 -
Vaccine Sep 2022Vaccines are very effective in providing protection against many infectious diseases. However, it has proven difficult to develop highly efficacious vaccines against... (Review)
Review
Vaccines are very effective in providing protection against many infectious diseases. However, it has proven difficult to develop highly efficacious vaccines against some pathogens and so there is a continuing need to improve vaccine technologies. The first successful and widely used vaccines were based on attenuated pathogens (e.g., laboratory passaged Pasteurella multocida to vaccinate against fowl cholera) or closely related non-pathogenic organisms (e.g., cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox). Subsequently, live vaccines, either attenuated pathogens or non-pathogenic microorganisms modified to deliver heterologous antigens, have been successfully used to induce protective immune responses against many pathogens. Unlike conventional killed and subunit vaccines, live vaccines can deliver antigens to mucosal surfaces in a similar manner and context as the natural infection and hence can often produce a more appropriate and protective immune response. Despite these advantages, there is still a need to improve the immunogenicity of some live vaccines. The efficacy of injectable killed and subunit vaccines is usually enhanced using adjuvants such mineral salts, oils, and saponin, but such adjuvants cannot be used with live vaccines. Instead, live vaccines can be engineered to produce immunomodulatory molecules that can stimulate the immune system to induce more robust and long-lasting adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on research that has been undertaken to engineer live vaccines to produce immunomodulatory molecules that act as adjuvants to increase immunogenicity. Adjuvant strategies with varying mechanisms of action (inflammatory, antibody-mediated, cell-mediated) and delivery modes (oral, intramuscular, intranasal) have been investigated, with varying degrees of success. The goal of such research is to define adjuvant strategies that can be adapted to enhance live vaccine efficacy by triggering strong innate and adaptive immune responses and produce vaccines against a wider range of pathogens.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Humans; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Vaccines; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 36064671
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.059 -
Journal of Dental Research Nov 2021Precise classification of periodontal disease has been the objective of concerted efforts and has led to the introduction of new consensus-based and data-driven...
Precise classification of periodontal disease has been the objective of concerted efforts and has led to the introduction of new consensus-based and data-driven classifications. The purpose of this study was to characterize the microbiological signatures of a latent class analysis (LCA)-derived periodontal stratification system, the Periodontal Profile Class (PPC) taxonomy. We used demographic, microbial (subgingival biofilm composition), and immunological data (serum IgG antibody levels, obtained with checkerboard immunoblotting technique) for 1,450 adult participants of the Dental Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, with already generated PPC classifications. Analyses relied on tests and generalized linear models with Bonferroni correction. Men and African Americans had higher systemic antibody levels against most microorganisms compared to women and Caucasians ( < 0.05). Healthy individuals (PPC-I) had low levels of biofilm bacteria and serum IgG levels against most periodontal pathogens ( < 0.05). Subjects with mild to moderate disease (PPC-II to PPC-III) showed mild/moderate colonization of multiple biofilm pathogens. Individuals with severe disease (PPC-IV) had moderate/high levels of biofilm pathogens and antibody levels for orange/red complexes. High gingival index individuals (PPC-V) showed moderate/high levels of biofilm and . Biofilm composition in individuals with reduced periodontium (PPC-VI) was similar to health but showed moderate to high antibody responses. Those with severe tooth loss (PPC-VII) had significantly high levels of multiple biofilm pathogens, while the systemic antibody response to these microorganisms was comparable to health. The results support a biologic basis for elevated risk for periodontal disease in men and African Americans. Periodontally healthy individuals showed a low biofilm pathogen and low systemic antibody burden. In the presence of PPC disease, a microbial-host imbalance characterized by higher microbial biofilm colonization and/or systemic IgG responses was identified. These results support the notion that subgroups identified by the PPC system present distinct microbial profiles and may be useful in designing future precise biological treatment interventions.
Topics: Adult; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Female; Humans; Male; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Periodontium; Tooth Loss
PubMed: 33906500
DOI: 10.1177/00220345211009767