-
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Oct 2019Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. Clinical manifestations are diverse including... (Review)
Review
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. Clinical manifestations are diverse including hyperandrogenism, anovulation, infertility and increased risk of metabolic diseases besides psychosocial dysfunction. This review provides information on the problem of PCOS in India, its pathophysiology, genetics and an overview of current management options to instigate further research in this field. Prevalence of PCOS in India ranges from 3.7 to 22.5 per cent depending on the population studied and the criteria used for diagnosis. Abnormalities in leptin-adiponectin (adipocyte biology), oxidative stress and autoimmunity are among the mechanisms studied regarding pathogenesis of PCOS. Many candidate gene studies have shown associations with PCOS in various studies. Studies have consistently demonstrated the relationship between the well-known manifestation of hyperandrogenism among Indian PCOS women and the metabolic morbidities including insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and cardiovascular risk. Management of individual components of PCOS can be achieved by medications or surgical methods, though further clarification regarding pathogenesis of PCOS is needed to sharpen our therapeutic armamentarium.
Topics: Female; Humans; India; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
PubMed: 31823915
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1937_17 -
Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Aug 2019Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition in which affected individuals have difficulties while interacting and communicating socially, and repetitive... (Review)
Review
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition in which affected individuals have difficulties while interacting and communicating socially, and repetitive behaviors. It has a multifactorial etiology. Various risk factors, including genetic and environmental influences, have been explored while trying to understand its causation. As older evidence was suggestive of a high heritability, a majority of research focused on finding the underlying genetic causes of autism. Due to these efforts, there have been advances in the knowledge of some of the genetic factors associated with autism. But a recent trend also shows an increasing interest in exploration of various potential environmental triggers. These efforts have brought us closer to understanding the elusive disorder more so than ever before. The current review discusses the recent trends in research exploring the etiopathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Biomedical Research; Gene-Environment Interaction; Humans
PubMed: 31077508
DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12860 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2022Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory cutaneous disorder, primarily manifesting on the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead with a classic relapsing-remitting course that...
Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory cutaneous disorder, primarily manifesting on the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead with a classic relapsing-remitting course that affects mostly fair skin types (Fitzpatrick I and II). The pathogenesis remains unclear, but the complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors may augment the innate immune response and neurovascular dysregulation. Different nutrients may play a role in the pathogenesis of rosacea. Many dietary triggers, including hot beverages, alcohol, spicy foods, caffeine, vanilla, cinnamon, niacin, marinated meats, and dairy products, have been postulated for this disease; however, there is a lack of well-designed and controlled studies evaluating the causal relationship between rosacea and dietary factors. We have explored the available evidence and hypotheses based on trigger-food categories of rosacea, the role of the skin-gut microbiome axis, and potentially benefiting dietary factors such as probiotics, prebiotics, and high-fiber diets.
Topics: Diet; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Rosacea; Skin; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 34819228
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.10.004 -
Hypertension Research : Official... Sep 2020
Topics: Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Female; HELLP Syndrome; Humans; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy
PubMed: 32409774
DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0466-5 -
Current Opinion in Rheumatology Jan 2022Vasculitis describes a wide spectrum of rare, inflammatory, multisystem disorders. These heterogenous diseases all have inflammation of blood vessels as a central... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Vasculitis describes a wide spectrum of rare, inflammatory, multisystem disorders. These heterogenous diseases all have inflammation of blood vessels as a central feature. However, they differ in terms of their genetic and environmental risk factors, disease pathogenesis, clinical presentations and treatment strategies. Many animal models of vasculitis exist, each resembling a different human clinical phenotype. This review provides an overview of recently published findings from experimental animal models of vasculitis.
RECENT FINDINGS
Several new animal models have been described during the review period. New insights gleaned from existing animal models regarding cause, disease effector mechanisms and novel treatments identified in established animal models are discussed.
SUMMARY
Animal models continue to be an important tool for understanding disease pathogenesis, especially in rare and complex diseases such as vasculitis. They also provide an invaluable platform for development and preclinical testing of new treatments.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Inflammation; Vasculitis
PubMed: 34783711
DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000848 -
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology :... Oct 2020
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Asthma; Fishes; Humans; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 33463777
DOI: 10.1111/pai.13331 -
British Journal of Sports Medicine Aug 2023Despite the high prevalence of tendon pathology in athletes, the underlying pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Various aetiological theories have been presented... (Review)
Review
Despite the high prevalence of tendon pathology in athletes, the underlying pathogenesis is still poorly understood. Various aetiological theories have been presented and rejected in the past, but the tendon cell response model still holds true. This model describes how the tendon cell is the key regulator of the extracellular matrix and how pathology is induced by a failed adaptation to a disturbance of tissue homeostasis. Such failure has been attributed to various kinds of stressors (eg, mechanical, thermal and ischaemic), but crucial elements seem to be missing to fully understand the pathogenesis. Importantly, a disturbance of tissue pressure homeostasis has not yet been considered a possible factor, despite it being associated with numerous pathologies. Therefore, we conducted an extensive narrative literature review on the possible role of intratendinous pressure in the pathogenesis of tendon pathology. This review explores the current understanding of pressure dynamics and the role of tissue pressure in the pathogenesis of other disorders with structural similarities to tendons. By bridging these insights with known structural changes that occur in tendon pathology, a conceptual model was constituted. This model provides an overview of the possible mechanism of how an increase in intratendinous pressure might be involved in the development and progression of tendon pathology and contribute to tendon pain. In addition, some therapies that could reduce intratendinous pressure and accelerate tendon healing are proposed. Further experimental research is encouraged to investigate our hypotheses and to initiate debate on the relevance of intratendinous pressure in tendon pathology.
Topics: Humans; Tendinopathy; Tendons; Wound Healing; Adaptation, Physiological; Athletes; Achilles Tendon
PubMed: 36323498
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106066 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jan 2024Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIPD) is a disease of unknown pathogenesis characterized by usually systemic, cystic dilatation of the excretory ducts of... (Review)
Review
Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIPD) is a disease of unknown pathogenesis characterized by usually systemic, cystic dilatation of the excretory ducts of esophageal submucosal glands. In this article, I review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, endoscopic findings, esophagographic findings, and histopathology of EIPD. I also discuss the etiology and possible pathogenesis of EIPD based on my experiences with this disease and a review of the literature. EIPD usually presents with dysphagia in middle-aged individuals. It is often complicated with secondary infections, most commonly candidiasis. On esophagography, EIPD is delineated as small, multiple, flask-shaped outward projections within the esophageal wall. In recent years, EIPD has been mainly diagnosed by endoscopic findings of multiple, localized, small mucosal depressions. The orifices of the "pseudodiverticula" periodically open and close, and excrete mucus onto the mucosal surface. On histopathological examination, the luminal surface of dilated ducts in EIPD is covered by multilayered, hyperplastic epithelial cells, but myoepithelial cells in the glandular acini are well preserved. Treatment of EIPD is usually symptomatic therapy, and prevention of the infectious complications is important. The etiology and pathogenesis of EIPD are largely unknown, but functional abnormalities of autonomic nerve fibers innervating the esophageal glands likely play an important role, since the structures of the glands are basically preserved in this disease.
Topics: Middle Aged; Humans; Diverticulum, Esophageal; Deglutition Disorders; Diverticulum; Mucous Membrane; Esophageal Stenosis
PubMed: 38312118
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i2.137 -
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North... Aug 2019The airways are under continuous assault from aerosolized bacteria and oral flora. The bacteria present in the airways and gastrointestinal tract of neonates promote... (Review)
Review
The airways are under continuous assault from aerosolized bacteria and oral flora. The bacteria present in the airways and gastrointestinal tract of neonates promote immune maturation and protect against asthma pathogenesis. Later bacterial infections and perturbations to the microbiome can contribute to asthma pathogenesis, persistence, and severity.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asthma; Bacterial Infections; Disease Susceptibility; Dysbiosis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans
PubMed: 31284927
DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.03.006 -
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of... Dec 2019Hypertension is one of the most frequent complications in acromegaly, with a median frequency of 33.6% (range, 11%-54.7%). Although the pathogenesis has not been fully... (Review)
Review
Hypertension is one of the most frequent complications in acromegaly, with a median frequency of 33.6% (range, 11%-54.7%). Although the pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, it probably results from concomitant factors leading to expansion of extracellular fluid volume, increase of peripheral vascular resistance, and development of sleep apnea syndrome. Because the effect of normalization of growth hormone and insulinlike growth factor 1 excess on blood pressure levels is unclear, an early diagnosis of hypertension and prompt antihypertensive treatment are eagerly recommended, regardless of the specific treatment of the acromegalic disease and the level of biochemical control attained.
Topics: Acromegaly; Antihypertensive Agents; Humans; Hypertension
PubMed: 31655776
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2019.08.008