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Gene Jul 2024Peanut is an important cash crop used in oil, food and feed in our country. The rapid development of sequencing technology has promoted the research on the related... (Review)
Review
Peanut is an important cash crop used in oil, food and feed in our country. The rapid development of sequencing technology has promoted the research on the related aspects of peanut genetic breeding. This paper reviews the research progress of peanut origin and evolution, genetic breeding, molecular markers and their applications, genomics, QTL mapping and genome selection techniques. The main problems of molecular genetic breeding in peanut research worldwide include: the narrow genetic resources of cultivated species, unstable genetic transformation and unclear molecular mechanism of important agronomic traits. Considering the severe challenges regarding the supply of edible oil, and the main problems in peanut production, the urgent research directions of peanut are put forward: The de novo domestication and the exploitation of excellent genes from wild resources to improve modern cultivars; Integration of multi-omics data to enhance the importance of big data in peanut genetics and breeding; Cloning the important genes related to peanut agronomic traits and analyzing their fine regulation mechanisms; Precision molecular design breeding and using gene editing technology to accurately improve the key traits of peanut.
Topics: Arachis; Plant Breeding; Quantitative Trait Loci; Genome, Plant; Evolution, Molecular; Genomics; Domestication; Crops, Agricultural; Chromosome Mapping
PubMed: 38575102
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148425 -
Journal of Food Science Apr 2022Natural peanut butter was stabilized with 1.0%-2.0% (w/w) beeswax (BW), candelilla wax (CLW), rice bran wax (RBW), or sunflower wax (SFW). The appearance, spreadability,...
Natural peanut butter was stabilized with 1.0%-2.0% (w/w) beeswax (BW), candelilla wax (CLW), rice bran wax (RBW), or sunflower wax (SFW). The appearance, spreadability, mouthfeel, and flavor attributes of these samples were evaluated by a trained sensory panel using commercial stabilized peanut butter and a sample stabilized with hydrogenated cottonseed oil as references. The waxes and their blend ratio significantly (p < 0.05) influenced appearance, spreadability, firmness, mouthfeel, and flavor attributes. Samples with 1.5%-2.0% CLW, or 1.0%-1.5% RBW had the fewest differences in appearance and texture from the reference and commercial samples. However, an off-flavor was attributed to 1.5% or higher CLW. Samples stabilized with BW or with 1.0%-1.5% RBW had the fewest difference in flavor compared to the reference sample. Overall, samples stabilized with 1.0%-1.5% RBW scored closest to the commercial and reference samples. The response of CLW, RBW, and SFW (which was only evaluated for appearance and spreadability) indicates that amounts of these waxes could be tailored in different products to achieve a product with desirable texture and flavor as well as stability to oil loss. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This research provides information that could be used by food companies that make seed or nut butters as spreads or as ingredients for use in foods. It shows the impact of the use of four types of waxes as stabilizers, at commercially relevant levels (< 3.0%), and at levels previously shown to be effective for stabilization, on the firmness, spreadability, and other texture and flavor attributes, and thus provides a starting point for optimization for commercial product specifications.
Topics: Arachis; Seeds; Waxes
PubMed: 35318670
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16118 -
Genes May 2023Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping has been thoroughly used in peanut genetics and breeding in spite of the narrow genetic diversity and the segmental tetraploid... (Review)
Review
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping has been thoroughly used in peanut genetics and breeding in spite of the narrow genetic diversity and the segmental tetraploid nature of the cultivated species. QTL mapping is helpful for identifying the genomic regions that contribute to traits, for estimating the extent of variation and the genetic action (i.e., additive, dominant, or epistatic) underlying this variation, and for pinpointing genetic correlations between traits. The aim of this paper is to review the recently published studies on QTL mapping with a particular emphasis on mapping populations used as well as traits related to kernel quality. We found that several populations have been used for QTL mapping including interspecific populations developed from crosses between synthetic tetraploids and elite varieties. Those populations allowed the broadening of the genetic base of cultivated peanut and helped with the mapping of QTL and identifying beneficial wild alleles for economically important traits. Furthermore, only a few studies reported QTL related to kernel quality. The main quality traits for which QTL have been mapped include oil and protein content as well as fatty acid compositions. QTL for other agronomic traits have also been reported. Among the 1261 QTL reported in this review, and extracted from the most relevant studies on QTL mapping in peanut, 413 (~33%) were related to kernel quality showing the importance of quality in peanut genetics and breeding. Exploiting the QTL information could accelerate breeding to develop highly nutritious superior cultivars in the face of climate change.
Topics: Quantitative Trait Loci; Arachis; Chromosome Mapping; Plant Breeding; Phenotype
PubMed: 37372356
DOI: 10.3390/genes14061176 -
Food Chemistry: X Dec 2022This study investigates the use of stable isotopes (C, N, H, and O) to characterize the geographical origin of peanuts along with different peanut fractions including...
This study investigates the use of stable isotopes (C, N, H, and O) to characterize the geographical origin of peanuts along with different peanut fractions including whole peanut kernel, peanut shell, delipidized peanuts and peanut oil. Peanut samples were procured in 2017 from three distinctive growing regions (Shandong, Jilin, and Jiangsu) in China. Peanut processing significantly influenced the C, H, and O values of different peanut fractions, whereas N values were consistent across all fractions and unaffected by peanut processing. Geographical differences of peanut kernels and associated peanut fractions showed a maximum variance for N and O values which indicated their strong potential to discriminate origin. Different geographical classification models (SVM, LDA, and k-NN) were tested for peanut kernels and associated peanut fractions. LDA achieved the highest classification percentage, both on the training and validation sets. Delipidized peanuts had the best classification rate compared to the other fractions.
PubMed: 36203953
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100456 -
Food Chemistry Jul 2023This research developed a novel, efficient and safe antimildew for peanut kernel postharvest storage. The antimildew, cinnamon-Litsea cubeba compound essential oil...
This research developed a novel, efficient and safe antimildew for peanut kernel postharvest storage. The antimildew, cinnamon-Litsea cubeba compound essential oil (CLCEO) microcapsule (CLCEOM), was synthesized with CLCEO as core materials and β-cyclodextrin as wall materials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses indicated that major antifungal compounds of CLCEO were encapsulated in the cavity of β-cyclodextrin. The inhibition zone experiment showed that CLCEOM retained antifungal effect on Aspergillus spp. strains even after storage for 2 months at 4 ℃. Besides, CLCEOM reduced total number of fungal colonies, relative abundance of Aspergillus spp., and aflatoxin B content of peanut kernels, and had positive effect on slowing down the increase in acid value of peanut oil without causing any adverse effect on the viability and sensory properties during storage process. Overall, CLCEOM presented good preservative effects on peanut kernels, providing evidence for its potential use as antimildew for peanut storage.
Topics: Oils, Volatile; Arachis; Litsea; Cinnamomum zeylanicum; Antifungal Agents; Capsules; Aspergillus
PubMed: 36848837
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135734 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2023The effects of ethylcellulose (EC) concentration (6-12 %) and types of vegetable oil (sunflower, peanut, corn, and flaxseed oils) on the color, hardness, oil loss,...
The effects of ethylcellulose (EC) concentration (6-12 %) and types of vegetable oil (sunflower, peanut, corn, and flaxseed oils) on the color, hardness, oil loss, lipid oxidation, and rheology property of oleogels were investigated in this study. Peanut oil (PO) oleogel was selected to replace pork fat partially in Harbin red sausage. Meanwhile, the fatty acid profile, texture, and sensory attributes of the reformulated sausages were analyzed. Oleogels formulated with higher EC concentration had higher brightness and hardness, a higher degree of lipid oxidation, and greater storage (G') and loss (G'') moduli. Oleogels formulated with PO had lower oil loss, flaxseed oil oleogel had higher hardness. Corn oil and PO oleogels had a lower level of lipid oxidation. The texture, lipid oxidation, and sensory attributes of the reformulated sausages, in which 10-30 % pork fat was replaced with PO oleogel, did not significantly differ from those without oleogel replacement. Meanwhile, the reformulated sausages had a healthier fatty acids profile and higher nutritional value.
Topics: Plant Oils; Organic Chemicals; Fatty Acids; Meat Products; Peanut Oil
PubMed: 37011742
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124299 -
Recent Advances in Food, Nutrition &... Nov 2022One of the significant problems with peanut butter is oil separation when the product is opened after some time. The selection of vegetable oil, which acts as a...
BACKGROUND
One of the significant problems with peanut butter is oil separation when the product is opened after some time. The selection of vegetable oil, which acts as a stabiliser, plays a significant role in nut butter's textural and sensory quality.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to optimise the formulation of cashew nut butter using response surface methodology (RSM). Four different vegetable oils, namely olive oil, virgin coconut oil, soybean oil and palm oil, were used to select efficient vegetable oil based on its effect on the physicochemical characteristics and sensory evaluation of cashew nut butter.
METHOD
Thirteen formulations of cashew nut butter from RSM were produced to determine the optimum amount of selected oil (olive oil) and honey.
RESULTS
Cashew nut butter stabilised with olive oil showed the best and similar values to commercial peanut butter with the lowest oil separation 3.91% and lower values of texture data of firmness (85.8 g), shear work (87.8 g.sec), stickiness (-27.44 g) and work of adhesion (-36.07 g.sec). The recommended volumes of olive oil and honey for cashew nut butter production were 1.29% and 6.16%, respectively. Consumers favor cashew nut butter, according to sensory analysis' overall acceptance. In terms of nutritional quality, cashew nut butter contains a high amount of fat (47.25%), followed by carbohydrates (24.51%) and protein (16.4%).
CONCLUSION
The type of oil showed significant effects on the stability and spreadability of the produced cashew nut butter.
PubMed: 36424800
DOI: 10.2174/2772574X14666221124115139 -
Plant Biotechnology Journal Nov 2023Peanut (Arachis) is a key oil and protein crop worldwide with large genome. The genomes of diploid and tetraploid peanuts have been sequenced, which were compared to... (Review)
Review
Peanut (Arachis) is a key oil and protein crop worldwide with large genome. The genomes of diploid and tetraploid peanuts have been sequenced, which were compared to decipher their genome structures, evolutionary, and life secrets. Genome sequencing efforts showed that different cultivars, although Bt homeologs being more privileged in gene retention and gene expression. This subgenome bias, extended to sequence variation and point mutation, might be related to the long terminal repeat (LTR) explosions after tetraploidization, especially in At subgenomes. Except that, whole-genome sequences revealed many important genes, for example, fatty acids and triacylglycerols pathway, NBS-LRR (nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeats), and seed size decision genes, were enriched after recursive polyploidization. Each ancestral polyploidy, with old ones having occurred hundreds of thousand years ago, has thousands of duplicated genes in extant genomes, contributing to genetic novelty. Notably, although full genome sequences are available, the actual At subgenome ancestor has still been elusive, highlighted with new debate about peanut origin. Although being an orphan crop lagging behind other crops in genomic resources, the genome sequencing achievement has laid a solid foundation for advancing crop enhancement and system biology research of peanut.
Topics: Arachis; Genome, Plant; Domestication; Chromosome Mapping; Biological Evolution; Polyploidy
PubMed: 37523347
DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14125 -
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Sep 2023Consumption of coconut oil is implicated in cardiovascular disease risk. On the contrary, virgin coconut oil (VCO) is believed to offer better health benefits, however,... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Consumption of coconut oil is implicated in cardiovascular disease risk. On the contrary, virgin coconut oil (VCO) is believed to offer better health benefits, however, the evidence to support such claims is lacking, particularly in humans. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the impact of VCO in a balanced diet on HDL-C and some of the anthropometric and biochemical parameters associated with human cardiovascular health before and after the feeding experiment.
METHODS
In a crossover observational study, apparently healthy non-obese male volunteers (n = 22) aged between 28 and 50years with a mean body weight of 67.5 kg were inducted into a two-arm controlled feeding experiment one after another for eight weeks with a six-week washout period. In the first arm, the diets were prepared with VCO, whereas peanut oil was used in the second arm (∼35g/day) as the control.
RESULTS
Compared to baseline, the consumption of VCO did not affect HDL-C and anthropometric measures at the end of the 8th week, whereas plasma total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C levels (Means±standard error; 172 ± 5.6 mg/dL versus 186 ± 5.9 mg/dL and 113 ± 4.29 mg/dL versus 126 ± 4.17 mg/dL respectively) increased significantly. However, plasma triglycerides and some of the cardiovascular risk markers (namely, vascular cell-adhesion molecules, serum amyloid proteins and C-reactive protein) remained unaltered. Further, most of the changes in the VCO arm were comparable to the peanut oil regimen.
CONCLUSION
The consumption of VCO in a balanced diet displayed neutral effects on most parameters related to cardiovascular risk. However, the rise in TC and LDL-C must be tested in a larger sample size over longer periods.
Topics: Humans; Male; Cholesterol, LDL; Coconut Oil; Diet; Peanut Oil; Triglycerides; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged
PubMed: 37591045
DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102844 -
Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular... Jun 2024Peanut oil, prized for its unique taste and nutritional value, grapples with the pressing issue of adulteration by cost-cutting vendors seeking higher profits. In...
Peanut oil, prized for its unique taste and nutritional value, grapples with the pressing issue of adulteration by cost-cutting vendors seeking higher profits. In response, we introduce a novel approach using near-infrared spectroscopy to non-invasively and cost-effectively identify adulteration in peanut oil. Our study, analyzing spectral data of both authentic and intentionally adulterated peanut oil, successfully distinguished high-quality pure peanut oil (PPEO) from adulterated oil (AO) through rigorous analysis. By combining near-infrared spectroscopy with factor analysis (FA) and partial least squares regression (PLS), we achieved discriminant accuracies exceeding 92 % (S > 2) and 89 % (S > 1) for FA models 1 and 2, respectively. The PLS model demonstrated strong predictive capabilities, with a prediction coefficient (R) surpassing 93.11 and a root mean square error (RMSECV) below 4.43. These results highlight the effectiveness of NIR spectroscopy in confirming the authenticity of peanut oil and detecting adulteration in its composition.
PubMed: 38909556
DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124690