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Nutrients Sep 2021This Special Issue concerns the theme of how parents may influence child and adolescent weight-related and obesity developments [...].
This Special Issue concerns the theme of how parents may influence child and adolescent weight-related and obesity developments [...].
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Parent-Child Relations; Parenting; Parents; Pediatric Obesity; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 34579062
DOI: 10.3390/nu13093185 -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2023Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed countries and is becoming a major cause for concern in the developing world. The causes of childhood obesity... (Review)
Review
Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed countries and is becoming a major cause for concern in the developing world. The causes of childhood obesity are complex and multifactorial, involving the interaction between individual genetics and environmental and developmental factors. Among the environmental factors, there is a growing interest in understanding the possible relationship between the so-called environmental obesogens and the development of obesity in children. Exposure to these obesogens such as phthalates, bisphenol A, or parabens, has been identified as a promoter of obesity through different mechanisms such as the alteration of adipocyte development from mesenchymal progenitors, the interference with hormone receptors, and induced inflammation. However, less attention has been paid to the inheritance of epigenetic modifications due to maternal exposure to these compounds during pregnancy. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of epigenetic modifications due to maternal exposure to those obesogens during pregnancy as well as their potential implication on long-term obesity development in the offspring and transgenerational inheritance of epiphenotypes.
Topics: Child; Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Pediatric Obesity; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Endocrine Disruptors; Adipocytes; Epigenesis, Genetic; Environmental Exposure
PubMed: 36981620
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064711 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Feb 2021The increasing prevalence of obesity in youth has contributed to the growing global burden of chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers),...
The increasing prevalence of obesity in youth has contributed to the growing global burden of chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancers), which has been largely accounted for by obesogenic behaviours and environments. Previous studies have focused on the influences on obesity of multidimensional environmental indicators, which have mixed effects, for example, built environmental factors, food environmental factors and neighbourhood safety. After a thorough search of all databases, I found a limited body of reviews on the associations of basic environmental factors. A basic environmental factor, from a perspective of geographic information systems, is an indicator constructed by only one-step spatial function, without ambiguous effects on obesity. In contrast to basic obesogenic environmental factors, an example of mixed environmental factor is neighbourhood safety, which is a complex measure of night light, crime rate, traffic volume, speed limit, smoothness of roads and many other factors of injury. Without a sufficient, up-to-date understanding of the roles of basic obesogenic environmental factors in obesity, the uncertainties will propagate and lead to more uncertainties in the association between indicators and obesity.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Chronic Disease; Geographic Information Systems; Humans; Pediatric Obesity; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics
PubMed: 33258179
DOI: 10.1111/obr.13158 -
Pharmacological Research Feb 2023Asthma affects more than 300 million people of all ages worldwide, including about 10-15% of school-aged children, and its prevalence is increasing. Severe asthma (SA)... (Review)
Review
Asthma affects more than 300 million people of all ages worldwide, including about 10-15% of school-aged children, and its prevalence is increasing. Severe asthma (SA) is a particular and rare phenotype requiring treatment with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus a second controller and/or systemic glucocorticoid courses to achieve symptom control or remaining "uncontrolled" despite this therapy. In SA, other diagnoses have been excluded, and potential exacerbating factors have been addressed. Notably, obese asthmatics are at higher risk of developing SA. Obesity is both a major risk factor and a disease modifier of asthma in children and adults: two main "obese asthma" phenotypes have been described in childhood with high or low levels of Type 2 inflammation biomarkers, respectively, the former characterized by early onset and eosinophilic inflammation and the latter by neutrophilic inflammation and late-onset. Nevertheless, the interplay between obesity and asthma is far more complex and includes obese tissue-driven inflammatory pathways, mechanical factors, comorbidities, and poor response to corticosteroids. This review outlines the most recent findings on SA in obese children, particularly focusing on inflammatory pathways, which are becoming of pivotal importance in order to identify selective targets for specific treatments, such as biological agents.
Topics: Humans; Pediatric Obesity; Asthma; Comorbidity; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Inflammation
PubMed: 36642111
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106658 -
Current Opinion in Pediatrics Oct 2019We aim to describe current concepts on childhood and adolescent obesity with a strong focus on its sequela. Childhood obesity is a national epidemic with increasing... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
We aim to describe current concepts on childhood and adolescent obesity with a strong focus on its sequela. Childhood obesity is a national epidemic with increasing prevalence over the past three decades placing children at increased risk for many serious comorbidities, previously felt to be only adult-specific diseases, making this topic both timely and relevant for general pediatricians as well as for subspecialists.
RECENT FINDINGS
Childhood obesity develops through an interplay of genetics, environment, and behavior. Treatment includes lifestyle modification, and now metabolic and bariatric surgery is more commonly considered in carefully selected adolescents. The off-label use of adjunct medications for weight loss in childhood and adolescent obesity is still in its infancy, but will likely become the next logical step in those with lifestyle modification refractory obesity. Obesity can lead to several comorbidities, which can persist into adulthood potentially shortening the child's lifespan.
SUMMARY
Efforts should be focused primarily on reducing childhood and adolescent obesity, and when indicated treating its sequela in effort to reduce future morbidity and mortality in this precious population. VIDEO ABSTRACT: http://links.lww.com/MOP/A36.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Comorbidity; Humans; Pediatric Obesity
PubMed: 31145127
DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000786 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... May 2021The intersection between adolescent obesity and eating disorder risk is one that requires urgent attention. This review aimed to synthesize the literature on the risk of... (Review)
Review
The intersection between adolescent obesity and eating disorder risk is one that requires urgent attention. This review aimed to synthesize the literature on the risk of clinical eating disorders in adolescents with obesity, discuss challenges with assessing risk, and examine implications for clinical practice and future research. Obesity and eating disorders can coexist resulting in exacerbated physical and psychological health issues. Recognized eating disorder risk factors, including body dissatisfaction, poor self-esteem, depression, and engaging in dieting behaviors, are elevated and frequently reported in adolescents with obesity, highlighting a vulnerability to the development of eating disorders. Unsupervised dieting to manage weight may exacerbate eating disorder risk, while structured and supervised weight management is likely to reduce eating disorder risk for most adolescents. However, some adolescents may present to an obesity service with an undiagnosed eating disorder or may develop an eating disorder during or following treatment. We conclude that a risk management approach, with screening or monitoring for eating disorder-related risk factors and behaviors, should be utilized to identify those at risk. Future research to identify eating disorder risk factors specific to adolescents with obesity is required to inform screening and monitoring protocols, patient care, and address current knowledge gaps.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Body Image; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Pediatric Obesity
PubMed: 33410207
DOI: 10.1111/obr.13173 -
Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop... 2023Overnutrition, expressed as overweight and obesity, sometimes combined with inadequate micronutrient intake, coexists together with undernutrition as the major threats... (Review)
Review
Overnutrition, expressed as overweight and obesity, sometimes combined with inadequate micronutrient intake, coexists together with undernutrition as the major threats of malnutrition in children. Appropriate growth and metabolism of children have been extensively studied as to their association with future metabolic diseases. It is appreciated that early growth is controlled via the biochemical pathways that support organ and tissue growth and development, energy release from dietary intake, and production and release of hormones and growth factors regulating the biochemical processes. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, and their trajectories have been the metrics to evaluate both age-appropriate growth and link to future metabolic disease risk. As factors associated with risk of metabolic disease like childhood obesity are fairly well known, a strategic framework that includes appropriate nutrition and healthy dietary habits, adoption of the right behavior, and healthy food choices from early infancy to childhood is necessary to decrease this risk. The role of industry in this is to provide foods rich in nutrients developmentally appropriate and to promote responsible consumption and age-adapted portion sizes.
Topics: Child; Humans; Pediatric Obesity; Nutritional Status; Diet; Malnutrition; Body Composition
PubMed: 37023734
DOI: 10.1159/000529004 -
Pediatric Obesity Aug 2021The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen sharply over the last several decades and poses a significant threat to the health and well-being of today's youth.... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of childhood obesity has risen sharply over the last several decades and poses a significant threat to the health and well-being of today's youth. Childhood-onset obesity is associated with a number of cardiometabolic consequences, which contribute to diminished quality of life. Metabolic and bariatric surgery offers a powerful treatment paradigm with positive long-term health effects. A growing body of literature supports the notion that earlier intervention in younger patients results in long-term health benefits. The development of a multidisciplinary care model and best practice guidelines are central to providing optimal care for this vulnerable patient population. Although the outcomes of metabolic and bariatric surgery in pediatric patients are reassuring and support the ongoing utilization of this important treatment paradigm, a number of significant challenges remain regarding access to care. As the literature continues to support earlier intervention for youth with severe obesity, future efforts should address these challenges to ensure that eligible patients are referred in timely fashion.
Topics: Adolescent; Bariatric Surgery; Child; Humans; Pediatric Obesity
PubMed: 34041862
DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12794 -
Pediatric Clinics of North America Aug 2020Telehealth is well positioned to address the common challenges of providing high-quality care to children and adolescents with obesity. The potential benefits of... (Review)
Review
Telehealth is well positioned to address the common challenges of providing high-quality care to children and adolescents with obesity. The potential benefits of telehealth for pediatric obesity are applicable across the full spectrum of care from diagnosis and assessment to ongoing management. This article reviews the emerging field of telehealth for the treatment of pediatric obesity. The challenges of the current approach to pediatric obesity care are explored, and the potential benefits of incorporating and implementing telehealth in this field are presented. The care of pediatric patients with obesity is particularly well suited for telehealth.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Mobile Applications; Observational Studies as Topic; Pediatric Obesity; Quality of Health Care; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rural Population; Telemedicine; Text Messaging
PubMed: 32650862
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2020.04.007 -
Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism Oct 2021Obesity is a complex and multifactorial disease that is influenced by physiological, environmental, socioeconomic, and genetic factors. In recent decades, this serious... (Review)
Review
Obesity is a complex and multifactorial disease that is influenced by physiological, environmental, socioeconomic, and genetic factors. In recent decades, this serious disease has impacted a large number of adolescents as a result of lifestyle factors. A lack of exercise and the consumption of excessive calories from an inadequate diet are the main contributors to adolescent obesity. However, genetic and hormonal factors might also play a role. The short- and long-term consequences of this disease include chronic issues such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders and an increase in early mortality rates. Although it is a serious disease, obesity in adolescents can be controlled with diet and exercise. When these lifestyle changes do not obtain the expected results, we can intensify the treatment by adding medication to the practice of diet and exercise. Additionally, for more severe cases, bariatric surgery can be an option. The purpose of this review is to clarify the current epidemiology, risks, and comorbidities and discuss news about the main treatments and the necessary improvements in this context.
Topics: Adolescent; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Exercise; Humans; Life Style; Pediatric Obesity
PubMed: 34591402
DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000393