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Journal of Microbiology and... Apr 2024is a commonly used probiotic, and many researchers have focused on its stress response to improve its functionality and survival. However, studies on persister cells,...
is a commonly used probiotic, and many researchers have focused on its stress response to improve its functionality and survival. However, studies on persister cells, dormant cells that aid bacteria in surviving general stress, have focused on pathogenic bacteria that cause infection, not . Thus, understanding persister cells will provide essential clues for understanding how survives and maintains its function under various environmental conditions. We treated strains with various antibiotics to determine the conditions required for persister formation using kill curves and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, we observed the resuscitation patterns of persister cells using single-cell analysis. Our results show that creates a small population of persister cells (0.0001-1% of the bacterial population) in response to beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin and amoxicillin. Moreover, only around 0.5-1% of persister cells are heterogeneously resuscitated by adding fresh media; the characteristics are typical of persister cells. This study provides a method for forming and verifying the persistence of and demonstrates that antibiotic-induced persister cells show characteristics of dormancy, sensitivity of antibiotics, same as exponential cells, multi-drug tolerance, and resuscitation, which are characteristics of general persister cells. This study suggests that the mechanisms of formation and resuscitation may vary depending on the characteristics, such as the membrane structure of the bacterial species.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Lactobacillus; Ampicillin; Microbial Viability; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Probiotics; Amoxicillin
PubMed: 38326923
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2312.12035 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Penicillins; Ampicillin; Skin Tests; Drug Hypersensitivity; Penicillin G
PubMed: 37562687
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.07.048 -
European Review For Medical and... Aug 2023The aim of our study is to determine the uropathogenic causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) and their incidences, assess their antibiotic resistance, and determine an...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of our study is to determine the uropathogenic causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) and their incidences, assess their antibiotic resistance, and determine an appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment strategy.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed the culture and antibiogram results of urine cultures of 49,706 patients aged 1 day to 18 years who applied to Diyarbakır Children's Hospital between March 2018 and October 2022.
RESULTS
A total of 4,064 cases meeting the study criteria were recorded. Girls comprised 76.7% of the study population. While reproduction in urine culture was more common in boys in the 0-1 age group, there was a decrease in the number of boys with increasing age, and the most common culture growth was seen in girls in the 5-10 age group (p<0.001). Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections were more common in girls, while non-E. coli infections were more common in boys (p<0.001). Gram-negative bacterial growth in urine cultures was the most common growth type. In descending order, E. coli was grown in 68.1% of all cultures, Klebsiella spp in 12.6%, and Proteus spp in 3.9%. Less commonly, Pseudomonas spp (2.8%), Enterobacter spp (1.5%), and fungi (1.1%) were grown. Antibiotic resistance/sensitivity tests revealed resistance patterns most commonly against ampicillin (73.2%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (57.9%), cefuroxime axetil (46.7%), cefixime (51%), and ceftriaxone (40.5%), and less commonly against meropenem (1.7%), amikacin (2.4%), and nitrofurantoin (9.8%). Escherichia coli showed resistance most commonly against ampicillin (69.8%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (59.7%), and cefixime (51.3%), while non-E.coli bacteria showed resistance most commonly against ampicillin (84.6%), amoxicillin (52.0%), and cefixime (50%). Resistance against nitrofurantoin was lower in E. coli infections than non-E. coli infections, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (3.7% and 27%, respectively; p=0.149). In contrast, resistance against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was more common in E. coli infections than non-E. coli infections, although the difference was not statistically significant (42% and 29.7%, respectively; p=0.093).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study revealed that resistance has developed at very high rates against many oral and parenteral antibiotics that we use in the treatment of UTIs. If our rate of antibiotic use continues to increase this way, it is predicted that UTIs will, unfortunately, become untreatable with oral antibiotics. This upsetting point reached by our country, which is the state that uses antibiotics the most in Europe, exemplifies the importance of rational antibiotic use for the whole world.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Child; Infant, Newborn; Infant; Child, Preschool; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefixime; Nitrofurantoin; Retrospective Studies; Urinary Tract Infections; Ampicillin; Amoxicillin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Escherichia coli
PubMed: 37667945
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202308_33421 -
JAMA Jan 2024
Comparative Study
Topics: Child; Humans; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Sinusitis; Acute Disease; Drug Combinations; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38227039
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.23642 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2022Historically, antimicrobial resistance has been rare in US invasive meningococcal disease cases.
BACKGROUND
Historically, antimicrobial resistance has been rare in US invasive meningococcal disease cases.
METHODS
Meningococcal isolates (n = 695) were collected through population-based surveillance, 2012-2016, and national surveillance, 2015-2016. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by broth microdilution. Resistance mechanisms were characterized using whole-genome sequencing.
RESULTS
All isolates were susceptible to 6 antibiotics (cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, meropenem, rifampin, minocycline, and azithromycin). Approximately 25% were penicillin or ampicillin intermediate; among these, 79% contained mosaic penA gene mutations. Less than 1% of isolates were penicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, or levofloxacin resistant.
CONCLUSIONS
Penicillin- and ampicillin-intermediate isolates were common, but resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics remained rare.
Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftriaxone; Ciprofloxacin; Humans; Meningococcal Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neisseria meningitidis; Penicillins; United States
PubMed: 35266516
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac046 -
British Dental Journal Aug 2022
Topics: Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Metronidazole
PubMed: 36028691
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-022-4947-6 -
Environmental Microbiology Reports Apr 2022This study aimed to investigate whether penicillin-resistant, ampicillin-susceptible E. faecalis (PRASEF) isolates are disseminated in non-clinical sources, and to...
This study aimed to investigate whether penicillin-resistant, ampicillin-susceptible E. faecalis (PRASEF) isolates are disseminated in non-clinical sources, and to compare the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile of clinical and non-clinical E. faecalis isolates. Non-clinical samples (n = 280) were collected and 101 E. faecalis isolates were recovered from food (n = 18), faeces of healthy animals (n = 24), water (n = 28) and sewage (n = 31). PRASEF (n = 68) and penicillin-susceptible, ampicillin-susceptible E. faecalis (n = 77) isolates of clinical origin were also evaluated. A significant variety of AMR profiles was observed among non-clinical isolates according to the source. No food isolate exhibited a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype different from those of isolates from animal faeces (50.0%) and sewage (38.7%). Overall, the MDR phenotype was more frequent among clinical (56.6%) than non-clinical isolates (22.8%) (p < 0.01). Non-clinical PRASEF isolates (n = 3) were only recovered from hospital sewage. Note that representative clinical and non-clinical PRASEF isolates were grouped in pulsotype A, and belonged to CC9 (clonal complex). In conclusion, E. faecalis isolates exhibiting the unusual penicillin-resistant but ampicillin-susceptible phenotype appeared to be restricted to the hospital environment. Our findings highlight the ability of PRASEF isolates to survive in sewage, which could enable these hospital-adapted lineages to spread to new ecological niches.
Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillins
PubMed: 35060343
DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13043 -
Toxicological Sciences : An Official... Jul 2022Violative chemical residues in edible tissues from food-producing animals are of global public health concern. Great efforts have been made to develop physiologically...
An Interactive Generic Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (igPBPK) Modeling Platform to Predict Drug Withdrawal Intervals in Cattle and Swine: A Case Study on Flunixin, Florfenicol, and Penicillin G.
Violative chemical residues in edible tissues from food-producing animals are of global public health concern. Great efforts have been made to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for estimating withdrawal intervals (WDIs) for extralabel prescribed drugs in food animals. Existing models are insufficient to address the food safety concern as these models are either limited to 1 specific drug or difficult to be used by non-modelers. This study aimed to develop a user-friendly generic PBPK platform that can predict tissue residues and estimate WDIs for multiple drugs including flunixin, florfenicol, and penicillin G in cattle and swine. Mechanism-based in silico methods were used to predict tissue/plasma partition coefficients and the models were calibrated and evaluated with pharmacokinetic data from Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD). Results showed that model predictions were, in general, within a 2-fold factor of experimental data for all 3 drugs in both species. Following extralabel administration and respective U.S. FDA-approved tolerances, predicted WDIs for both cattle and swine were close to or slightly longer than FDA-approved label withdrawal times (eg, predicted 8, 28, and 7 days vs labeled 4, 28, and 4 days for flunixin, florfenicol, and penicillin G in cattle, respectively). The final model was converted to a web-based interactive generic PBPK platform. This PBPK platform serves as a user-friendly quantitative tool for real-time predictions of WDIs for flunixin, florfenicol, and penicillin G following FDA-approved label or extralabel use in both cattle and swine, and provides a basis for extrapolating to other drugs and species.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Clonixin; Drug Residues; Drugs, Generic; Models, Biological; Penicillin G; Swine; Thiamphenicol
PubMed: 35642931
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac056 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Dec 2022Staphylococcal food poisoning is one of the common causes of food diseases, and the risk factor is staphylococcal enterotoxin. Milk and dairy products are often... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Staphylococcal food poisoning is one of the common causes of food diseases, and the risk factor is staphylococcal enterotoxin. Milk and dairy products are often contaminated by antibiotic resistance and enterotoxins Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which has become a critically important global public health concern. This study reviewed research studies on S. aureus in milk and dairy products worldwide published before October 2021 in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science to estimate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and enterotoxin genes using a meta-analysis method. In addition, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and regression analysis were conducted to explore the sources of the heterogeneity. The results showed that 140 eligible studies were published between 1992 and 2021. In raw milk, the prevalence (33.36%, 95% CI: 27.18-39.84%) was higher than that in dairy products and pasteurized milk, while it decreased over the publication period (P = 0.02). Subgroup analysis showed that the prevalence of S. aureus isolated from dairy plants was higher than that isolated from farms and retail markets. Among the 12 antibiotics, the resistance rates of penicillin (73.85%, 95% CI: 67.05-80.17%) and ampicillin (59.63%, 95% CI: 47.31-71.41%) were the highest, and the antibiotic resistance of ampicillin, gentamicin and chloramphenicol increased over time (P < 0.05). The pooled rate of classical staphylococcus enterotoxins was 39.31% (95% CI: 25.99-53.44%), and the highest rates were found for sec and sea genes. In conclusion, the hygiene and safety of raw milk can be guaranteed by improving the health of milking animals, elevating milking hygiene and using pasteurization. Developing β-lactamase inhibitors and strengthening antibiotic resistance surveillance systems may alleviate antibiotic resistance issues. Transportation and storage according to regulation and standards may reduce the contamination of staphylococcus enterotoxins in raw milk.
Topics: Animals; Staphylococcus aureus; Milk; Enterotoxins; Prevalence; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ampicillin; Penicillins
PubMed: 36461219
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111969 -
Revista Alergia Mexico (Tecamachalco,... Sep 2023To confirm the presence of allergy to penicillin and amoxicillin by in vivo exposure tests in patients with a history of immediate reaction to these drugs. Methods:... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVES
To confirm the presence of allergy to penicillin and amoxicillin by in vivo exposure tests in patients with a history of immediate reaction to these drugs. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive and prolective study. Patients between 12 and 60 years old with a history of immediate reaction after administration of penicillin and/or amoxicillin were included. Skin prick and intradermal tests were performed with benzylpenicilloyl polylysine and penicillin G, as well as oral challenge with amoxicillin.
RESULTS
Ten female and 3 male patients were included. The mean age was 39 years. In 84.6% of the cases the last adverse drug reaction occurred 10 years ago and in all cases it manifested with urticaria. Allergy to penicillin was corroborated in only 38.4% of cases. The most frequent adverse reaction after in vivo exposure tests was pruritus in 23%.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with suspected penicillin allergy should be evaluated by in vivo exposure testing with major and minor determinants to corroborate or rule out allergic reactions and improve treatment conditions.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Adult; Child; Adolescent; Young Adult; Middle Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Skin Tests; Penicillins; Amoxicillin; Drug Hypersensitivity; Urticaria; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37933932
DOI: 10.29262/ram.v70i3.1261