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International Journal of Biological... Jan 2021L-Fuculose and D-ribulose are kinds of rare sugars used in food, agriculture, and medicine industries. These are pentoses and categorized into the two main groups, aldo... (Review)
Review
L-Fuculose and D-ribulose are kinds of rare sugars used in food, agriculture, and medicine industries. These are pentoses and categorized into the two main groups, aldo pentoses and ketopentoses. There are 8 aldo- and 4 ketopentoses and only fewer are natural, while others are rare sugars found in a very small amount in nature. These sugars have great commercial applications, especially in many kinds of drugs in the medicine industry. The synthesis of these sugars is very expensive, difficult by chemical methods due to its absence in nature, and could not meet industry demands. The pentose izumoring strategy offers a complete enzymatic tactic to link all kinds of pentoses using different enzymes. The enzymatic production of L-fuculose and D-ribulose through L-fucose isomerase (L-FI) and D-arabinose isomerase (D-AI) is the inexpensive and uncomplicated method up till now. Both enzymes have similar kinds of isomerizing mechanisms and each enzyme can catalyze both L-fucose and D-arabinose. In this review article, the enzymatic process of biochemically characterized L-FI & D-AI, their application to produce L-fuculose and D-ribulose and its uses in food, agriculture, and medicine industries are reviewed.
Topics: Agriculture; Aldose-Ketose Isomerases; Food Industry; Hexoses; Pentoses; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 33296692
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.021 -
Cell Host & Microbe Nov 2022In a recent Cell paper, Hayase et al. define a mechanistic link between a carbapenem antibiotic and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following hematopoietic cell...
In a recent Cell paper, Hayase et al. define a mechanistic link between a carbapenem antibiotic and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bacteroidesthetaiotaomicron was observed to induce degradation of colonic mucus, an effect that was reversed by treatment with xylose, which served as a prebiotic to reduce mortality.
Topics: Humans; Transplantation, Homologous; Xylose; Bacteroides; Graft vs Host Disease; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 36356567
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.10.007 -
Communications Biology Nov 2022Bacteria and Eucarya utilize the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to direct the ribose moieties of nucleosides to central carbon metabolism. Many archaea do not...
Bacteria and Eucarya utilize the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to direct the ribose moieties of nucleosides to central carbon metabolism. Many archaea do not possess this pathway, and instead, Thermococcales utilize a pentose bisphosphate pathway involving ribose-1,5-bisphosphate (R15P) isomerase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). Intriguingly, multiple genomes from halophilic archaea seem only to harbor R15P isomerase, and do not harbor Rubisco. In this study, we identify a previously unrecognized nucleoside degradation pathway in halophilic archaea, composed of guanosine phosphorylase, ATP-dependent ribose-1-phosphate kinase, R15P isomerase, RuBP phosphatase, ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase, and glycolaldehyde reductase. The pathway converts the ribose moiety of guanosine to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and ethylene glycol. Although the metabolic route from guanosine to RuBP via R15P is similar to that of the pentose bisphosphate pathway in Thermococcales, the downstream route does not utilize Rubisco and is unique to halophilic archaea.
Topics: Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase; Ribose; Pentoses; Archaea; Guanosine; Phosphates
PubMed: 36434094
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04247-2 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Jul 2020Currently, due to the special functions and potential application values, rare sugars become the hot topic in carbohydrate fields. L-Ribulose, an isomer of L-ribose, is... (Review)
Review
Currently, due to the special functions and potential application values, rare sugars become the hot topic in carbohydrate fields. L-Ribulose, an isomer of L-ribose, is an expensive rare ketopentose. As an important precursor for other rare sugars and L-nucleoside analogue synthesis, L-ribulose attracts more and more attention in recent days. Compared with complicated chemical synthesis, the bioconversion method becomes a good alternative approach to L-ribulose production. Generally, the bioconversion of L-ribulose was linked with ribitol, L-arabinose, L-ribose, L-xylulose, and L-arabitol. Herein, an overview of recent advances in the metabolic pathway, chemical synthesis, bioproduction of L-ribulose, and the potential application of L-ribulose is reviewed in detail in this paper. KEY POINTS: 1. L-Ribulose is a rare sugar and the key precursor for L-ribose production. 2. L-Ribulose is the starting material for L-nucleoside derivative synthesis. 3. Chemical synthesis, bioproduction, and applications of L-ribulose are reviewed.
Topics: Arabinose; Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Biocatalysis; Biotransformation; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Pentoses; Ribitol; Ribose; Sugar Alcohols; Xylulose
PubMed: 32372201
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10637-5 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Apr 2024Many organisms that utilize the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle for autotrophic growth harbor metabolic pathways to remove and/or salvage 2-phosphoglycolate, the...
Many organisms that utilize the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle for autotrophic growth harbor metabolic pathways to remove and/or salvage 2-phosphoglycolate, the product of the oxygenase activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). It has been presumed that the occurrence of 2-phosphoglycolate salvage is linked to the CBB cycle, and in particular, the C2 pathway to the CBB cycle and oxygenic photosynthesis. Here, we examined 2-phosphoglycolate salvage in the hyperthermophilic archaeon , an obligate anaerobe that harbors a Rubisco that functions in the pentose bisphosphate pathway. harbors enzymes that have the potential to convert 2-phosphoglycolate to glycine and serine, and their genes were identified by biochemical and/or genetic analyses. 2-phosphoglycolate phosphatase activity increased 1.6-fold when cells were grown under microaerobic conditions compared to anaerobic conditions. Among two candidates, TK1734 encoded a phosphatase specific for 2-phosphoglycolate, and the enzyme was responsible for 80% of the 2-phosphoglycolate phosphatase activity in cells. The TK1734 disruption strain displayed growth impairment under microaerobic conditions, which was relieved upon addition of sodium sulfide. In addition, glycolate was detected in the medium when was grown under microaerobic conditions. The results suggest that removes 2-phosphoglycolate via a phosphatase reaction followed by secretion of glycolate to the medium. As the Rubisco in functions in the pentose bisphosphate pathway and not in the CBB cycle, mechanisms to remove 2-phosphoglycolate in this archaeon emerged independent of the CBB cycle.
Topics: Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase; Archaea; Photosynthesis; Glycolates; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Oxygenases; Pentoses
PubMed: 38593075
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2311390121 -
Cell Reports Jul 2022Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) exert health-promoting effects, but how each MAC impacts gut microbiota and regulates host physiology remains unclear. Here,...
Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) exert health-promoting effects, but how each MAC impacts gut microbiota and regulates host physiology remains unclear. Here, we show that l-arabinose and sucrose cooperatively act on gut microbiota and exert anti-obesogenic effects. Specifically, l-arabinose, a monosaccharide that is poorly absorbed in the gut and inhibits intestinal sucrase, suppresses diet-induced obesity in mice in the presence of sucrose. Additionally, the suppressive effect of l-arabinose on adiposity is abrogated in mice lacking the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) receptors GPR43 and GPR41. Mechanistically, l-arabinose increases the relative abundance of acetate and propionate producers (e.g., Bacteroides), while sucrose enhances SCFA production. Furthermore, l-arabinose and sucrose activate the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways of Bacteroides, respectively, indicating that they synergistically promote acetate production through distinct pathways. These findings suggest that each MAC has a unique property and thus may serve as a precision gut-microbiota modulator to promote host homeostasis.
Topics: Animals; Arabinose; Bacteroides; Carbohydrates; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Microbiota; Obesity; Sucrose
PubMed: 35858544
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111087 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Apr 2020L-Ribose is a non-naturally occurring pentose that recently has become known for its potential application in the pharmaceutical industry, as it is an ideal starting... (Review)
Review
L-Ribose is a non-naturally occurring pentose that recently has become known for its potential application in the pharmaceutical industry, as it is an ideal starting material for use in synthesizing L-nucleosides analogues, an important class of antiviral drugs. In the past few decades, the synthesis of L-ribose has been mainly undertaken through the chemical route. However, chemical synthesis of L-ribose is difficult to achieve on an industrial scale. Therefore, the biotechnological production of L-ribose has gained considerable attention, as it exhibits many merits over the chemical approaches. The present review focuses on various biotechnological strategies for the production of L-ribose through microbial biotransformation and enzymatic catalysis, and in particular on an analysis and comparison of the synthetic methods and different enzymes. The physiological functions and applications of L-ribose are also elucidated. In addition, different sugar isomerases involved in the production of L-ribose from a number of sources are discussed in detail with regard to their biochemical properties. Furthermore, analysis of the separation issues of L-ribose from the reaction solution and different purification methods is presented.Key points • l -Arabinose, l -ribulose and ribitol can be used to produce l -ribose by enzymes. • Five enzymes are systematically introduced for production of l -ribose. • Microbial transformation and enzymatic methods are promising for yielding l -ribose.
Topics: Arabinose; Bacteria; Biotechnology; Biotransformation; Enzymes, Immobilized; Isomerases; Ribose
PubMed: 32088757
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10471-9 -
Current Opinion in Biotechnology Feb 2024Economic and sustainable production of biofuels and chemicals necessitates utilizing abundant and inexpensive lignocellulosic biomass. Yet, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a... (Review)
Review
Economic and sustainable production of biofuels and chemicals necessitates utilizing abundant and inexpensive lignocellulosic biomass. Yet, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a workhorse strain for industrial biotechnology based on starch and sugarcane-derived sugars, is not suitable for lignocellulosic bioconversion due to a lack of pentose metabolic pathways and severe inhibition by toxic inhibitors in cellulosic hydrolysates. This review underscores the potential of nonconventional yeast strains, specifically Yarrowia lipolytica and Rhodotorula toruloides, for converting underutilized carbon sources, such as xylose and acetate, into high-value products. Multi-omics studies with nonconventional yeast have elucidated the structure and regulation of metabolic pathways for efficient and rapid utilization of xylose and acetate. The review delves into the advantages of using xylose and acetate for producing biofuels and chemicals. Collectively, value-added biotransformation of nonconventional substrates by nonconventional yeast strains is a promising strategy to improve both economics and sustainability of bioproduction.
Topics: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Xylose; Biofuels; Sugars; Acetates; Metabolic Engineering; Fermentation
PubMed: 38171048
DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.103059 -
Journal of Microbiology (Seoul, Korea) Sep 2020Phosphate sugar isomerases, catalyzing the isomerization between ketopentose/ketohexose phosphate and aldopentose/aldohexose phosphate, play an important role in... (Review)
Review
Phosphate sugar isomerases, catalyzing the isomerization between ketopentose/ketohexose phosphate and aldopentose/aldohexose phosphate, play an important role in microbial sugar metabolism. They are present in a wide range of microorganisms. They have attracted increasing research interest because of their broad substrate specificity and great potential in the enzymatic production of various rare sugars. Here, the enzymatic properties of various phosphate sugar isomerases are reviewed in terms of their substrate specificities and their applications in the production of valuable rare sugars because of their functions such as low-calorie sweeteners, bulking agents, and pharmaceutical precursor. Specifically, we focused on the industrial applications of D-ribose-5-phosphate isomerase and D-mannose-6-phosphate isomerase to produce D-allose and L-ribose, respectively.
Topics: Aldose-Ketose Isomerases; Bacteria; Glucose; Hexoses; Mannose-6-Phosphate Isomerase; Pentoses; Ribose; Substrate Specificity; Sweetening Agents
PubMed: 32583284
DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-0226-x -
Plant & Cell Physiology Dec 2021Growth, development, structure as well as dynamic adaptations and remodeling processes in plants are largely controlled by properties of their cell walls. These... (Review)
Review
Growth, development, structure as well as dynamic adaptations and remodeling processes in plants are largely controlled by properties of their cell walls. These intricate wall structures are mostly made up of different sugars connected through specific glycosidic linkages but also contain many glycosylated proteins. A key plant sugar that is present throughout the plantae, even before the divergence of the land plant lineage, but is not found in animals, is l-arabinose (l-Ara). Here, we summarize and discuss the processes and proteins involved in l-Ara de novo synthesis, l-Ara interconversion, and the assembly and recycling of l-Ara-containing cell wall polymers and proteins. We also discuss the biological function of l-Ara in a context-focused manner, mainly addressing cell wall-related functions that are conferred by the basic physical properties of arabinose-containing polymers/compounds. In this article we explore these processes with the goal of directing future research efforts to the many exciting yet unanswered questions in this research area.
Topics: Arabinose; Cell Wall; Plants
PubMed: 34129041
DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab087