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Peptides Apr 2021Hypoxia controls metabolism at several levels, e.g., via mitochondrial ATP production, glucose uptake and glycolysis. Hence it is likely that hypoxia also affects the... (Review)
Review
Hypoxia controls metabolism at several levels, e.g., via mitochondrial ATP production, glucose uptake and glycolysis. Hence it is likely that hypoxia also affects the action and/or production of many peptide hormones linked to food intake and appetite control. Many of those are produced in the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine pancreas, adipose tissue, and selective areas in the brain which modulate and concert their actions. However, the complexity of the hypoxia response and the links to peptides/hormones involved in food intake and appetite control in the different organs are not well known. This review summarizes the role of the hypoxia response and its effects on major peptides linked to appetite regulation, nutrition and metabolism.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Cell Hypoxia; Eating; Energy Metabolism; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Glucose; Glycolysis; Humans; Leptin; Peptide Hormones
PubMed: 33577839
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170507 -
Yi Chuan = Hereditas Oct 2022Metabolic diseases are broadly defined as diseases caused by problems in metabolic function, including central obesity, insulin resistance, lipid glucose abnormalities,... (Review)
Review
Metabolic diseases are broadly defined as diseases caused by problems in metabolic function, including central obesity, insulin resistance, lipid glucose abnormalities, and elevated blood pressure. As an important metabolic organ, the liver plays a key role in regulating many physiological processes such as systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Numerous studies in recent years have shown that the liver can synthesize and secrete a variety of hepatokines, including FGF21, Fetuin-A and ANGPTL8, which regulate the metabolism in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Intervention of hepatokines expression may contribute to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of metabolic diseases. However, further studies are needed to be investigated as the mechanism of hepatokines and metabolic homeostasis is still elusive. In this review, we summarize the relationships between hepatokines and metabolic diseases in order to provide new strategies for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Topics: Humans; Metabolic Diseases; Insulin Resistance; Liver; Obesity; Glucose; Angiopoietin-like Proteins; Peptide Hormones
PubMed: 36384723
DOI: 10.16288/j.yczz.22-218 -
Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology Jan 2020Recent preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that the galanin peptide family may regulate glucose metabolism and alleviate insulin resistance, which diminishes... (Review)
Review
Recent preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that the galanin peptide family may regulate glucose metabolism and alleviate insulin resistance, which diminishes the probability of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The galanin was discovered in 1983 as a gut-derived peptide hormone. Subsequently, galanin peptide family was found to exert a series of metabolic effects, including the regulation of gut motility, body weight and glucose metabolism. The galanin peptide family in modulating glucose metabolism received recently increasing recognition because pharmacological activiation of galanin signaling might be of therapeutic value to improve insuin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, however, few papers have summarized the role of the galanin peptide family in modulating glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. In this review we summarize the metabolic effect of galanin peptide family and highlight its glucoregulatory action and discuss the pharmacological value of galanin pathway activiation for the treatment of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Galanin; Galanin-Like Peptide; Glucose; Glucose Intolerance; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Male; Mice; Peptide Hormones; Receptors, Galanin; Sex Factors
PubMed: 31705911
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100801 -
European Journal of Endocrinology Sep 2021In 2008, the first evidence of a new hormone called neuronostatin was published. The hormone was discovered using a bioinformatic method and found to originate from the... (Review)
Review
In 2008, the first evidence of a new hormone called neuronostatin was published. The hormone was discovered using a bioinformatic method and found to originate from the same preprohormone as somatostatin. This small peptide hormone of 13 amino acids and a C-terminal amidation was soon found to exert pleiotropic physiological effects. In animal studies, neuronostatin has been shown to reduce food intake and delay gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit. Furthermore, neuronostatin has been shown to affect glucose metabolism by increasing glucagon secretion during situations when glucose concentrations are low. Additionally, neuronostatin has been shown to affect neural tissue and cardiomyocytes by suppressing cardiac contractility. The effects of neuronostatin have not yet been delineated in humans, but if the effects found in animal studies translate to humans it could position neuronostatin as a promising target in the treatment of obesity, hypertension and diabetes. In this review, we describe the discovery of neuronostatin and the current understanding of its physiological role and potential therapeutic applicability.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Diabetes Mellitus; Gastric Emptying; Humans; Hypertension; Muscle Contraction; Myocytes, Cardiac; Neurons; Obesity; Peptide Hormones; Signal Transduction; Somatostatin
PubMed: 34370694
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-21-0347 -
General and Comparative Endocrinology May 2021Thyroid hormones (THs) are ancient signaling molecules that contribute to the regulation of metabolism, energy homeostasis and growth. In vertebrates, the... (Review)
Review
Thyroid hormones (THs) are ancient signaling molecules that contribute to the regulation of metabolism, energy homeostasis and growth. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis links the corresponding organs through hormonal signals, including thyrotropin releasing factor (TRF), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that ultimately activates the synthesis and secretion of THs from the thyroid gland. Although this axis is conserved among most vertebrates, the identity of the hypothalamic TRF that positively regulates TSH synthesis and secretion varies. We review the evolution of the hypothalamic factors that induce TSH secretion, including thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), urotensin-1-3, and sauvagine, and non-mammalian glucagon-like peptide in metazoans. Each of these peptides is part of an extracellular communication unit likely composed of at least 3 elements: the peptide, G-protein coupled receptor and bioavailability regulator, set up on the central neuroendocrine articulation. The bioavailability regulators include a TRH-specific ecto-peptidase, pyroglutamyl peptidase II, and a CRH-binding protein, that together with peptide secretion/transport rate and transduction coupling and efficiency at receptor level shape TRF signal intensity and duration. These vertebrate TRF communication units were coopted from bilaterian ancestors. The bona fide elements appeared early in chordates, and are either used alternatively, in parallel, or sequentially, in different vertebrate classes to control centrally the activity of the HPT axis. Available data also suggest coincidence between apparition of ligand and bioavailability regulator.
Topics: Animals; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Hypothalamus; Thyroid Gland; Thyrotropin; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
PubMed: 33039406
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113642 -
Cell Metabolism Apr 2022Asprosin is a fasting-induced glucogenic and centrally acting orexigenic hormone. The olfactory receptor Olfr734 is known to be the hepatic receptor for asprosin that...
Asprosin is a fasting-induced glucogenic and centrally acting orexigenic hormone. The olfactory receptor Olfr734 is known to be the hepatic receptor for asprosin that mediates its effects on glucose production, but the receptor for asprosin's orexigenic function has been unclear. Here, we have identified protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor δ (Ptprd) as the orexigenic receptor for asprosin. Asprosin functions as a high-affinity Ptprd ligand in hypothalamic AgRP neurons, regulating the activity of this circuit in a cell-autonomous manner. Genetic ablation of Ptprd results in a strong loss of appetite, leanness, and an inability to respond to the orexigenic effects of asprosin. Ablation of Ptprd specifically in AgRP neurons causes resistance to diet-induced obesity. Introduction of the soluble Ptprd ligand-binding domain in the circulation of mice suppresses appetite and blood glucose levels by sequestering plasma asprosin. Identification of Ptprd as the orexigenic asprosin receptor creates a new avenue for the development of anti-obesity therapeutics.
Topics: Agouti-Related Protein; Animals; Fibrillin-1; Glucose; Ligands; Mice; Obesity; Peptide Fragments; Peptide Hormones; Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 2
PubMed: 35298903
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.02.012 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Oct 2023Peptide hormones influence diverse aspects of plant development through highly coordinated cell-cell signaling pathways. Many peptide hormone families play key roles in... (Review)
Review
Peptide hormones influence diverse aspects of plant development through highly coordinated cell-cell signaling pathways. Many peptide hormone families play key roles in stem cell maintenance across land plants. In this review, we focus on recent work in two conserved peptide hormone families, CLAVATA3/EMBRYO-SURROUNDING REGION (CLEs) and ROOT MERISTEM GROWTH FACTOR (RGFs), and their roles in regulating plant stem cells. We discuss recent work establishing downstream crosstalk between peptide hormones and other conserved signaling mechanisms in meristem maintenance as well as highlight advances in peptide hormone gene identification that provide important context for CLE/RGF family evolution across diverse plant lineages. CLE and RGF gene families have greatly expanded in angiosperms, contributing to the complex genetic regulation of stem cell homeostasis observed in model systems over the last 30 years. Peptide hormone duplications have resulted in genetic compensation mechanisms that ensure robust development through the function of paralogous genes. Broad conservation of genetic compensation across angiosperms highlights the importance of these mechanisms in developmental signaling and understanding their regulation could inform broader understanding of morphological diversity and evolutionary innovation.
Topics: Peptide Hormones; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells; Plant Cells; Plant Growth Regulators; Magnoliopsida; Plant Stems
PubMed: 37672866
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102442 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2020Hormones within very low levels regulate and control the activity of specific cells and organs of the human body. Hormone imbalance can cause many diseases. Therefore,...
Hormones within very low levels regulate and control the activity of specific cells and organs of the human body. Hormone imbalance can cause many diseases. Therefore, hormone detection tools have been developed, particularly over the last decade. Peptide hormones have a short half-life, so it is important to detect them within a short time. In this study, we report two types of peptide hormone sensors using human hormone receptor-carrying nanovesicles and graphene field-effect transistors (FETs). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and glucagon (GCG) are peptide hormones present in human blood that act as ligands to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this paper, the parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR) were expressed in human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK-293) cells, and were constructed as nanovesicles carrying the respective receptors. They were then immobilized onto graphene-based FETs. The two hormone sensors developed were able to detect each target hormone with high sensitivity (ca. 100 fM of PTH and 1 pM of GCG). Also, the sensors accurately recognized target hormones among different types of peptide hormones. In the development of hormone detection tools, this approach, using human hormone receptor-carrying nanovesicles and graphene FETs, offers the possibility of detecting very low concentrations of hormones in real-time.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Graphite; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Nanoparticles; Peptide Hormones; Receptors, Peptide; Transistors, Electronic
PubMed: 31942024
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57339-1 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023
Topics: Peptide Hormones; Endocrinology
PubMed: 38098861
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1334003 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Feb 2021Proinsulin C-peptide (C-peptide) has drawn much research attention. Even if the peptide has turned out not to be important in the treatment of diabetes, every phase of...
Proinsulin C-peptide (C-peptide) has drawn much research attention. Even if the peptide has turned out not to be important in the treatment of diabetes, every phase of C-peptide research has changed our view on insulin and peptide hormone biology. The first phase revealed that peptide hormones can be subject to processing, and that their pro-forms may involve regulatory stages. The second phase revealed the possibility that one prohormone could harbor more than one activity, and that the additional activities should be taken into account in the development of hormone-based therapies. In the third phase, a combined view of the evolutionary patterns in hormone biology allowed an assessment of C-peptide´s role in physiology, and of how biological activities and physiological functions are shaped by evolutionary processes. In addition to this distinction, C-peptide research has produced further advances. For example, C-peptide fragments are successfully administered in immunotherapy of type I diabetes, and plasma C-peptide levels remain a standard for measurement of beta cell activity in patients. Even if the concept of C-peptide as a hormone is presently not supported, some of its bioactivities continue to influence our understanding of evolutionary changes of also other peptides.
Topics: C-Peptide; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Evolution, Molecular; Humans; Protein Aggregates; Protein Conformation
PubMed: 32959070
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03636-2