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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2020The mineralized tissues (alveolar bone and cementum) are the major components of periodontal tissues and play a critical role to anchor periodontal ligament (PDL) to... (Review)
Review
The mineralized tissues (alveolar bone and cementum) are the major components of periodontal tissues and play a critical role to anchor periodontal ligament (PDL) to tooth-root surfaces. The integrated multiple tissues could generate biological or physiological responses to transmitted biomechanical forces by mastication or occlusion. However, due to periodontitis or traumatic injuries, affect destruction or progressive damage of periodontal hard tissues including PDL could be affected and consequently lead to tooth loss. Conventional tissue engineering approaches have been developed to regenerate or repair periodontium but, engineered periodontal tissue formation is still challenging because there are still limitations to control spatial compartmentalization for individual tissues and provide optimal 3D constructs for tooth-supporting tissue regeneration and maturation. Here, we present the recently developed strategies to induce osteogenesis and cementogenesis by the fabrication of 3D architectures or the chemical modifications of biopolymeric materials. These techniques in tooth-supporting hard tissue engineering are highly promising to promote the periodontal regeneration and advance the interfacial tissue formation for tissue integrations of PDL fibrous connective tissue bundles (alveolar bone-to-PDL or PDL-to-cementum) for functioning restorations of the periodontal complex.
Topics: Animals; Biopolymers; Humans; Osteogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Regeneration; Tissue Engineering; Tooth; Wound Healing
PubMed: 33086674
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204802 -
Journal of Periodontal Research Aug 2023Teeth are subject to a variety of mechanical forces and vectors. The periodontal ligament (PDL), fibrous tissue that connects the cementum of the tooth to the bony... (Review)
Review
Teeth are subject to a variety of mechanical forces and vectors. The periodontal ligament (PDL), fibrous tissue that connects the cementum of the tooth to the bony socket, plays a decisive role in transmitting force to alveolar bone via Sharpey fibers, transforming and converting these forces into biological signals. This interaction effects significant osteoblastic and osteoclastic responses via autocrine proliferative and paracrine responses. Recent discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch by the Nobel laureates David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian, respectively have a profound impact on orthodontics. Transient receptor vanilloid channel 1 (TRPV1), initially described as a receptor for temperature, has been proposed to participate in the sensing of force. TRPV4, another ion channel receptor, perceives tensile forces as well as thermal and chemical stimuli. Piezo1 and 2, the classic receptors for touch, in addition to the aforementioned receptors, have similarly been described on PDL-derived cells. In this text, we review the role of the temperature-sensitive ion channels and mechanosensitive ion channels on their biological function and influence in orthodontic treatment.
Topics: Periodontal Ligament; Temperature; Ion Channels; Dental Cementum; Mechanotransduction, Cellular
PubMed: 37291724
DOI: 10.1111/jre.13137 -
Ageing Research Reviews Nov 2020Tooth compartments and associated supportive tissues exhibit significant alterations during aging, leading to their impaired functioning. Aging not only affects the... (Review)
Review
Tooth compartments and associated supportive tissues exhibit significant alterations during aging, leading to their impaired functioning. Aging not only affects the structure and function of dental tissue but also reduces its capacity to maintain physiological homeostasis and the healing process. Decreased cementocyte viability; diminished regenerative potential of stem cells residing in the pulp, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament; and impaired osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation capacity of progenitor cells are among the cellular impacts associated with oral aging. Various physiological and pathological phenomena are regulated by the epigenome, and hence, changes in epigenetic markers due to external stimuli have been reported in aging oral tissues and are considered a possible molecular mechanism underlying dental aging. The role of nutri-epigenetics in aging has emerged as an attractive research area. Thus far, various nutrients and bioactive compounds have been identified to have a modulatory effect on the epigenetic machinery, showing a promising response in dental aging. The human microbiota is another key player in aging and can be a target for anti-aging interventions in dental tissue. Considering the reversible characteristics of epigenetic markers and the potential for environmental factors to manipulate the epigenome, to minimize the deteriorative effects of aging, it is important to evaluate the linkage between external stimuli and their effects in terms of age-related epigenetic modifications.
Topics: Aging; Epigenesis, Genetic; Humans; Osteogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Stem Cells
PubMed: 32795505
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101140 -
Journal of Biomaterials Applications Jul 2021Considering the specificity of periodontium and the unique advantages of electrospinning, this technology has been used to fabricate biodegradable tissue engineering... (Review)
Review
Considering the specificity of periodontium and the unique advantages of electrospinning, this technology has been used to fabricate biodegradable tissue engineering materials for functional periodontal regeneration. For better biomedical quality, a continuous technological progress of electrospinning has been performed. Based on property of materials (natural, synthetic or composites) and additive novel methods (drug loading, surface modification, structure adjustment or 3 D technique), various novel membranes and scaffolds that could not only relief inflammation but also influence the biological behaviors of cells have been fabricated to achieve more effective periodontal regeneration. This review provides an overview of the usage of electrospinning materials in treatments of periodontitis, in order to get to know the existing research situation and find treatment breakthroughs of the periodontal diseases.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Gene Transfer Techniques; Humans; Nanoparticles; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32842852
DOI: 10.1177/0885328220952250 -
Aging Mar 2023The direct cause of periodontitis is periodontopathic bacteria, while various environmental factors affect the severity of periodontitis. Previous epidemiological...
The direct cause of periodontitis is periodontopathic bacteria, while various environmental factors affect the severity of periodontitis. Previous epidemiological studies have shown positive correlations between aging and periodontitis. However, whether and how aging is linked to periodontal health and disease in biological processes is poorly understood. Aging induces pathological alterations in organs, which promotes systemic senescence associated with age-related disease. Recently, it has become evident that senescence at the cellular level, cellular senescence, is a cause of chronic diseases through production of various secretory factors including proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which is referred to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In this study, we examined the pathological roles of cellular senescence in periodontitis. We found localization of senescent cells in periodontal tissue, particularly the periodontal ligament (PDL), in aged mice. Senescent human PDL (HPDL) cells showed irreversible cell cycle arrest and SASP-like phenotypes . Additionally, we observed age-dependent upregulation of microRNA (miR)-34a in HPDL cells. These results suggest that chronic periodontitis is mediated by senescent PDL cells that exacerbate inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues through production of SASP proteins. Thus, miR-34a and senescent PDL cells might be promising therapeutic targets for periodontitis in elderly people.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Aged; Periodontal Ligament; Aging; Cellular Senescence; Inflammation; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 36863315
DOI: 10.18632/aging.204569 -
Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi =... Aug 2020Tooth loss caused by trauma, periodontitis or inherited disorders severely affects human physical and mental health. As an essential part of the tooth, tooth root is... (Review)
Review
Tooth loss caused by trauma, periodontitis or inherited disorders severely affects human physical and mental health. As an essential part of the tooth, tooth root is connected to periodontal tissues to maintain the tooth in the alveolar socket. To figure out the molecular mechanisms regulating tooth root development will contribute to the discovery of new approaches in tooth root regeneration. The development of tooth root is a complicated process involving communication between the epithelial and mesenchymal tissues and the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. The present article reviewed the research progress of the signaling pathways in tooth root development.
Topics: Humans; Odontogenesis; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Tooth; Tooth Root
PubMed: 32842352
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112144-20191226-00466 -
Journal of Advanced Research Jun 2024Periodontal regeneration, specifically the restoration of the cementum-periodontal ligament (PDL)-alveolar bone complex, remains a formidable challenge in the field of...
INTRODUCTION
Periodontal regeneration, specifically the restoration of the cementum-periodontal ligament (PDL)-alveolar bone complex, remains a formidable challenge in the field of regenerative dentistry. In light of periodontal development, harnessing the multi-tissue developmental capabilities of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and reinitiating the periodontal developmental process hold great promise as an effective strategy to foster the regeneration of the periodontal complex.
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to delve into the potential effects of the macrophage-mediated immune microenvironment on the "developmental engineering" regeneration strategy and its underlying molecular mechanisms.
METHODS
In this study, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the periodontium developmental process in the rat mandibular first molar using histological staining. Through the induction of diverse immune microenvironments in macrophages, we evaluated their potential effects on periodontal re-development events using a cytokine array. Additionally, we investigated PDLC-mediated periodontal re-development events under these distinct immune microenvironments through transcriptome sequencing and relevant functional assays. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanism was also performed.
RESULTS
The activation of development-related functions in PDLCs proved challenging due to their declined activity. However, our findings suggest that modulating the macrophage immune response can effectively regulate PDLCs-mediated periodontium development-related events. The M1 type macrophage immune microenvironment was found to promote PDLC activities associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fiber degradation, osteoclastogenesis, and inflammation through the Wnt, IL-17, and TNF signaling pathways. Conversely, the M2 type macrophage immune microenvironment demonstrated superiority in inducing epithelium induction, fibers formation, and mineralization performance of PDLCs by upregulating the TGFβ and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study could provide some favorable theoretical bases for applying periodontal development engineering strategy in resolving the difficulties in periodontal multi-tissue regeneration.
Topics: Periodontal Ligament; Animals; Macrophages; Rats; Male; Regeneration; Cellular Microenvironment; Cells, Cultured; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Cell Differentiation; Cytokines; Signal Transduction; Molar
PubMed: 37597747
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.08.009 -
Advanced Healthcare Materials Jan 2021Clinical evidence indicates that in physiological and therapeutic conditions a continuous remodeling of the tooth root cementum and the periodontal apparatus is required... (Review)
Review
Clinical evidence indicates that in physiological and therapeutic conditions a continuous remodeling of the tooth root cementum and the periodontal apparatus is required to maintain tissue strength, to prevent damage, and to secure teeth anchorage. Within the tooth's surrounding tissues, tooth root cementum and the periodontal ligament are the key regulators of a functional tissue homeostasis. While the root cementum anchors the periodontal fibers to the tooth root, the periodontal ligament itself is the key regulator of tissue resorption, the remodeling process, and mechanical signal transduction. Thus, a balanced crosstalk of both tissues is mandatory for maintaining the homeostasis of this complex system. However, the mechanobiological mechanisms that shape the remodeling process and the interaction between the tissues are largely unknown. In recent years, numerous 2D and 3D in vitro models have sought to mimic the physiological and pathophysiological conditions of periodontal tissue. They have been proposed to unravel the underlying nature of the cell-cell and the cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The present review provides an overview of recent in vitro models and relevant biomaterials used to enhance the understanding of periodontal crosstalk and aims to provide a scientific basis for advanced regenerative strategies.
Topics: Extracellular Matrix; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Tooth; Tooth Root
PubMed: 33191670
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001269 -
European Journal of Oral Sciences Feb 2021Scaling and root planning is a key element in the mechanical therapy used for the eradication of biofilm, which is the major etiological factor for periodontitis and... (Review)
Review
Scaling and root planning is a key element in the mechanical therapy used for the eradication of biofilm, which is the major etiological factor for periodontitis and peri-implantitis. However, periodontitis is also a host mediated disease, therefore, removal of the biofilm without adjunctive therapy may not achieve the desired clinical outcome due to persistent activation of the innate and adaptive immune cells. Most recently, even the resident cells of the periodontium, including periodontal ligament fibroblasts, have been shown to produce several inflammatory factors in response to bacterial challenge. With increased understanding of the pathophysiology of periodontitis, more research is focusing on opposing excessive inflammation with specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). This review article covers the major limitations of current standards of care for periodontitis and peri-implantitis, and it highlights recent advances and prospects of SPMs in the context of tissue reconstruction and regeneration. Here, we focus primarily on the role of SPMs in restoring tissue homeostasis after periodontal infection.
Topics: Dental Implants; Humans; Inflammation; Peri-Implantitis; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontitis; Periodontium
PubMed: 33565133
DOI: 10.1111/eos.12759 -
Journal of Periodontology Nov 2021Migration of cementoblasts to resorption lacunae is the foundation for repairing root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. Previous studies reported that...
BACKGROUND
Migration of cementoblasts to resorption lacunae is the foundation for repairing root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. Previous studies reported that autophagy was activated by compression in periodontal ligament cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the migration of cementoblasts and determine whether autophagy is involved in the regulation of cementoblast migration under compressive force.
METHODS
Flow cytometry was employed to examine the apoptosis of murine cementoblasts (OCCM-30) at different compression times (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours) and magnitudes (0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/cm ). Cell proliferation was examined using the CCK-8 method. Wound healing migration assays and transwell migration assays were performed to compare the migration of cementoblasts. Chloroquine (CQ) and rapamycin were used to inhibit and activate autophagy, respectively. The level of autophagy was determined using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was assessed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blot analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS
Cell apoptosis and proliferation did not significantly change in OCCM-30 cells under mechanical compression at magnitude of 1.5 g/cm for 12 hours. However, the migration of cementoblasts was significantly inhibited after the application of compressive force. MMP2, MMP9, and MMP13 mRNA expression was decreased, and MMP9 and MMP13 protein expression and secretion level were also decreased. Further, autophagic activity was inhibited in cementoblasts under compressive force. Treatment with chloroquine reduced the cellular migration, and rapamycin partially relieved the inhibition of cementoblast migration induced by the compressive force. MMP9 and MMP13 mRNA expression, protein expression, and secretion levels showed a similar trend.
CONCLUSION
Migration of OCCM-30 cells was inhibited under compressive force partially dependent on the inhibition of MMPs, which was mediated by downregulation of autophagy. The findings provide new insights into the role of autophagy in biological behaviors of cementoblasts under compressive force and a potential therapeutic strategy for reducing external root resorption.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Dental Cementum; Down-Regulation; Mice; Periodontal Ligament; Root Resorption
PubMed: 34231875
DOI: 10.1002/JPER.20-0806