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Journal of Clinical and Experimental... Feb 2020: Misophonia is marked by abnormal negative reactions to specific and idiosyncratic sounds. Despite unclear etiology and diagnostic conceptualization, neuropsychology...
: Misophonia is marked by abnormal negative reactions to specific and idiosyncratic sounds. Despite unclear etiology and diagnostic conceptualization, neuropsychology may be able to help characterize the syndrome. In the current study, we administered the Attention Network Test (ANT) under symptom provocation conditions, as well as secondary measures of concept formation, perseveration, processing speed, and frustration tolerance. We assessed treatment seeking individuals with misophonia and non-clinical controls. We hypothesized higher alerting, orienting, and conflict effects on the ANT suggesting overall poorer performance for the misophonia group.: The sample consisted of symptomatic individuals recruited from a randomized treatment trial prior to the mandatory waitlist ( = 11) and age, gender matched controls ( = 11). Symptomatic individuals were screened with the Misophonia Questionnaire, as well as a number of additional self-report and diagnostic measures.: Robust Bayesian estimation in multi-level models suggested worse alerting attention for symptomatic individuals, β = 2.766, β = 1.253, 95% [0.322, 5.2876], Bayes factor = 31.41. There were no effects respective to block (i.e., blocks before versus during and after symptom provocation) or interaction effects. There were also no effects particular to executive functioning measures but some evidence this domain should be further explored (e.g., ANT conflict effects, perseveration, and serial math accuracy).: We propose that symptom provocation alone does not explain the observed group difference in alerting attention, which could reflect a long-standing neuropsychological weakness. Future studies should attempt to characterize misophonia with more comprehensive neuropsychological batteries and larger samples.
Topics: Adult; Attention; Auditory Perceptual Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Neuropsychological Tests; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 31537171
DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1666801 -
Otolaryngology--head and Neck Surgery :... Jul 2020Academic otolaryngology has historically comprised a tripartite mission of research, education, and clinical care. This mission is greatly strained by the COVID-19... (Review)
Review
Academic otolaryngology has historically comprised a tripartite mission of research, education, and clinical care. This mission is greatly strained by the COVID-19 pandemic. Research laboratories are fallow, surgical cases are deferred, and clerkships are canceled. Otolaryngologists are adapting to new circumstances ranging from virtual patient care to urgent procedures in protective gear to deployment to provisional field hospitals. Amid these operational challenges, the specialty is demonstrating extraordinary resilience and grit, discovering new ways to serve learners, colleagues, and communities. Statements from leaders in otolaryngology reveal selfless acts and purposefulness. Necessity has spurred innovation in education, science, and novel models of care. Paragons strike notes of hope, inspiring us to persevere and serve. This commentary explores the present challenges and offers a vision for upholding the academic mission.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Models, Organizational; Otolaryngology; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Pandemics; Patient Care; Pneumonia, Viral; Quality of Health Care; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32369430
DOI: 10.1177/0194599820922986 -
Zhurnal Voprosy Neirokhirurgii Imeni N.... 2021Background. According to Wernicke-Geschwind model, conduction aphasia following arcuate tract lesion was canonized as primary disorder of repetition in relatively intact...
UNLABELLED
Background. According to Wernicke-Geschwind model, conduction aphasia following arcuate tract lesion was canonized as primary disorder of repetition in relatively intact speech.
OBJECTIVE
Syndromic analysis of speech and writing disorders in patients with arcuate tract lesion using the method by A.R. Luria and their comparison with well-known types of aphasia.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Clinical and neuropsychological survey was performed in 14 patients with gliomas who underwent surgical treatment at the Burdenko Neurosurgical Center (10 gliomas of the frontal lobe and 4 tumors of the temporal lobe). All patients underwent MRI, HARDI MRI tractography and A.R. Luria's neuropsychological examination prior to surgery and after 5-6 postoperative days. Thirteen patients underwent awake craniotomy, 3 of them were examined one year after surgery.
RESULTS
In all patients, the tumor was localized near arcuate tract and its infiltration was noted. No intraoperative damage to the tract was ever noted according to speech monitoring data. However, postoperative edema followed by infiltration and dislocation of the tract (in all patients), as well as local ischemia in 4 patients were observed. After resection of prefrontal and premotor gliomas, aphasia included frontal (perseveration) and temporal components (disorders of naming, auditory-speech memory). Unusual verbal paraphrases were noted. We also observed severe violation of writing (temporal type) even if spontaneous speech and repetition were preserved. In case of resection of deep posterior temporal gliomas, speech disorders included signs of frontal lobe lesion (perseveration) and writing disorders. Similar motor abnormalities were identified in writing.
CONCLUSION
Arcuate tract lesion can result speech and writing disorders as signs of damage to certain cortical speech zones (frontal and temporal lobe). Violations of repetition were not predominant in any case. At the same time, interruption of connection between motor and auditory image of the word could be revealed in writing.
Topics: Aphasia, Conduction; Frontal Lobe; Glioma; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 34463448
DOI: 10.17116/neiro20218504129 -
Journal of Personality Oct 2023Previous research has established that short-term and persistent stress negatively impact mental health, with one proposed consequence being increased impulsivity. The...
OBJECTIVE
Previous research has established that short-term and persistent stress negatively impact mental health, with one proposed consequence being increased impulsivity. The present study tests the short-term and persistent associations between stress and three facets of global self-reports of impulsivity: negative urgency, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance, among young adults across 6 months of their first year of college.
METHOD
College freshmen (n = 362) completed self-report questionnaires assessing stress, negative urgency, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance three times over a 6-month period. Pre-registered analyses were conducted using multilevel growth curve models.
RESULTS
Confirmatory analyses suggested that persistent stress was associated with higher levels of negative urgency and trajectories of worsening lack of perseverance over time, while short-term stress was associated with higher negative urgency. Lack of premeditation was not robustly associated with stress.
CONCLUSIONS
While both persistent and short-term exposure to stress may be associated with some facets of global self-reports of impulsivity, the relations vary across facets of impulsivity. Overall, negative urgency was the most robustly associated with stress on both time scales, which suggests that this facet of impulsivity may be the most impacted in the context of stress in the first year of college.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Self Report; Surveys and Questionnaires; Universities
PubMed: 36377955
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12792 -
Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy Nov 2021The psychological and social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are pervasive, and there is potential for a long-lasting impact on mental health. In the current study, we...
The psychological and social effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are pervasive, and there is potential for a long-lasting impact on mental health. In the current study, we sought to provide, in a representative sample of UK residents during the third COVID-19 lockdown in February 2021, further evidence for the validation of the COVID-19 anxiety syndrome construct. We did this by evaluating the COVID-19 anxiety syndrome against measures of personality, health anxiety and COVID-19 anxiety in predicting levels of generalized anxiety and depression and by examining whether increased health anxiety and COVID-19 psychological distress (COVID-19 anxiety and COVID-19 anxiety syndrome) scores were associated with increased attentional bias to COVID-19-related stimuli. A series of correlation analyses revealed that neuroticism, health anxiety, COVID-19 anxiety and COVID-19 anxiety syndrome scores were positively and significantly correlated with generalized anxiety and depression scores and that the perseveration component of the COVID-19 anxiety syndrome predicted generalized anxiety and depression scores independently of age, gender, conscientiousness, openness, health anxiety and COVID-19 anxiety. Furthermore, results indicated that only the total COVID-19 anxiety syndrome score and the scores on the avoidance and perseveration components were positively and significantly correlated with attentional bias indices. More specifically, the general attentional bias index was only shown to be positively and significantly correlated with the total COVID-19 anxiety syndrome score and its perseveration component, while slowed disengagement was only shown to be negatively and significantly correlated with the total COVID-19 anxiety syndrome score and its avoidance component. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Topics: Anxiety; Attentional Bias; COVID-19; Communicable Disease Control; Depression; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; United Kingdom
PubMed: 34169609
DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2639 -
Microorganisms May 2023The effect of the intestinal microbiome on the gut-brain axis has received considerable attention, strengthening the evidence that intestinal bacteria influence emotions... (Review)
Review
The effect of the intestinal microbiome on the gut-brain axis has received considerable attention, strengthening the evidence that intestinal bacteria influence emotions and behavior. The colonic microbiome is important to health and the pattern of composition and concentration varies extensively in complexity from birth to adulthood. That is, host genetics and environmental factors are complicit in shaping the development of the intestinal microbiome to achieve immunological tolerance and metabolic homeostasis from birth. Given that the intestinal microbiome perseveres to maintain gut homeostasis throughout the life cycle, epigenetic actions may determine the effect on the gut-brain axis and the beneficial outcomes on mood. Probiotics are postulated to exhibit a range of positive health benefits including immunomodulating capabilities. and are genera of bacteria found in the intestines and so far, the benefits afforded by ingesting bacteria such as these as probiotics to people with mood disorders have varied in efficacy. Most likely, the efficacy of probiotic bacteria at improving mood has a multifactorial dependency, relying namely on several factors that include the agents used, the dose, the pattern of dosing, the pharmacotherapy used, the characteristics of the host and the underlying luminal microbial environment (e.g., gut dysbiosis). Clarifying the pathways linking probiotics with improvements in mood may help identify the factors that efficacy is dependent upon. Adjunctive therapies with probiotics for mood disorders could, through DNA methylation molecular mechanisms, augment the intestinal microbial active cohort and endow its mammalian host with important and critical co-evolutionary redox signaling metabolic interactions, that are embedded in bacterial genomes, and that in turn can enhance beneficial mood dispositions.
PubMed: 37317308
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051334 -
School Psychology International Aug 2023There is evidence showing that the triarchic model of grit and its dimensions (i.e., and ) predict engagement and well-being outcomes in high school and undergraduate...
There is evidence showing that the triarchic model of grit and its dimensions (i.e., and ) predict engagement and well-being outcomes in high school and undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. However, there has been limited research on how this model of grit relates to engagement and optimal psychological outcomes in primary school students. This research investigates the association of grit's dimensions with academic engagement in math and science as well as well-being outcomes (i.e., positive emotions, negative emotions, and flourishing) in primary school students. Participants were primary school students ( = 10.42; = 1.26) from Hong Kong (n = 279) and Macau (n = 124). Results showed that positively predicted cognitive and behavioral engagement in math as well as positive emotions even after controlling for demographic covariates (i.e., age, gender, setting, and year level), conscientiousness, and achievement goal orientations. positively predicted cognitive and social engagement in math and flourishing. negatively predicted both cognitive engagement in science and negative emotions. Indeed, this study indicates that and may facilitate children's positive academic and psychological functioning during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak.
PubMed: 38603326
DOI: 10.1177/01430343221147273 -
Shock (Augusta, Ga.) Jan 2024Background: Multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome disproportionately contributes to pediatric sepsis morbidity. Humanin (HN) is a small peptide encoded by mitochondrial...
Background: Multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome disproportionately contributes to pediatric sepsis morbidity. Humanin (HN) is a small peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA and thought to exert cytoprotective effects in endothelial cells and platelets. We sought to test the association between serum HN (sHN) concentrations and multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome in a prospectively enrolled cohort of pediatric septic shock. Methods: Human MT-RNR2 ELISA was used to determine sHN concentrations on days 1 and 3. The primary outcome was thrombocytopenia-associated multiorgan failure (TAMOF). Secondary outcomes included individual organ dysfunctions on day 7. Associations across pediatric sepsis biomarker (PERSEVERE)-based mortality risk strata and correlation with platelet and markers of endothelial activation were tested. Results: One hundred forty subjects were included in this cohort, of whom 39 had TAMOF. The concentration of sHN was higher on day 1 relative to day 3 and among those with TAMOF phenotype in comparison to those without. However, the association between sHN and TAMOF phenotype was not significant after adjusting for age and illness severity in multivariate models. In secondary analyses, sHN was associated with presence of day 7 sepsis-associated acute kidney injury ( P = 0.049). Furthermore, sHN was higher among those with high PERSEVERE-mortality risk strata and correlated with platelet counts and several markers of endothelial activation. Conclusion: Future investigation is necessary to validate the association between sHN and sepsis-associated acute kidney injury among children with septic shock. Furthermore, mechanistic studies that elucidate the role of HN may lead to therapies that promote organ recovery through restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis among those critically ill.
Topics: Humans; Child; Shock, Septic; Multiple Organ Failure; Endothelial Cells; Sepsis; Biomarkers; Thrombocytopenia; Acute Kidney Injury; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
PubMed: 37917869
DOI: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000002266 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2020Previous studies shows that elite and high-level athletes possess consistently higher pain tolerance to ischemic and cold pain stimulation compared to recreationally...
BACKGROUND
Previous studies shows that elite and high-level athletes possess consistently higher pain tolerance to ischemic and cold pain stimulation compared to recreationally active. However, the data previously obtained within this field is sparse and with low consistency.
PURPOSE
The aim of the present study was to examine the difference in pain perception between elite and high-level endurance athletes (cross country skiers and runners), elite soccer players and non-athletes, as well to explore the impact of psychological factors on pain processing.
METHODS
Seventy one healthy volunteers (33 females and 38 males) participated in the study. Soccer players ( = 17), cross country skiers ( = 12), and long-distance runners ( = 3) formed the athlete group, with 39 non-athletes as controls. Big-five personality traits, fear of pain and Grit (perseverance and passion for long-term goals) were measured prior to induction of experimental pain. Pain threshold and intensity was induced by a PC-controlled heat thermode and measured by a computerized visual analog scale. Pain tolerance was measured by the cold pressor test (CPT).
RESULTS
Elite and high-level athletes had increased pain tolerance, higher heat pain thresholds, and reported lower pain intensity to thermal stimulation. Endurance athletes (cross country skiers and long-distance runners) had better tolerance for cold pain compared to both soccer-players and non-athletes. Furthermore, endurance athletes reported lower pain intensity compared to non-athletes, whereas both endurance athletes and soccer players had higher heat pain thresholds compared to non-athletes. Fear of Pain was the only psychological trait that had an impact on all pain measures.
CONCLUSION
The present findings suggest that sports with long durations of physically intense activity, leveling aerobic capacity, are associated with increased ability to tolerate pain and that the amount of training hours has an impact on this tolerance. However, the small sample size implies that the results from this study should be interpreted with caution.
PubMed: 32849117
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01908 -
Psychological Reports Apr 2021Grit, defined as passion and perseverance for long-term goals, predicts success in a number of social domains. The present two studies examined grit and its subscales,...
Grit, defined as passion and perseverance for long-term goals, predicts success in a number of social domains. The present two studies examined grit and its subscales, and how these relate to both adaptive and maladaptive personality traits pertaining to success. For Study 1, based on data from 249 participants, results indicated that grit was correlated positively with proactive personality, personal growth initiative, and competitiveness, and the perseverance subscale also was correlated positively with self- and other-oriented perfectionism. The findings of Study 1 led us to further explore the dark aspects of grit in Study 2: based on data from 222 participants, results indicated that grit was correlated negatively with Machiavellianism, hypercompetitiveness, and most forms of narcissism but positively correlated with adaptive grandiose narcissism. Collectively, results reveal grit to be a positive, adaptive trait but raise questions regarding the perfectionistic tendencies of gritty individuals and the unitary nature of the construct.
Topics: Achievement; Adolescent; Adult; Competitive Behavior; Female; Humans; Machiavellianism; Male; Middle Aged; Narcissism; Perfectionism; Personality; Young Adult
PubMed: 32077362
DOI: 10.1177/0033294120907316