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Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jun 2023Cognitive ability and personality are fundamental domains of human psychology. Despite a century of vast research, most ability-personality relations remain... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Cognitive ability and personality are fundamental domains of human psychology. Despite a century of vast research, most ability-personality relations remain unestablished. Using contemporary hierarchical personality and cognitive abilities frameworks, we meta-analyze unexamined links between personality traits and cognitive abilities and offer large-scale evidence of their relations. This research quantitatively summarizes 60,690 relations between 79 personality and 97 cognitive ability constructs in 3,543 meta-analyses based on data from millions of individuals. Sets of novel relations are illuminated by distinguishing hierarchical personality and ability constructs (e.g., factors, aspects, facets). The links between personality traits and cognitive abilities are not limited to openness and its components. Some aspects and facets of neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness are also considerably related to primary as well as specific abilities. Overall, the results provide an encyclopedic quantification of what is currently known about personality-ability relations, identify previously unrecognized trait pairings, and reveal knowledge gaps. The meta-analytic findings are visualized in an interactive webtool. The database of coded studies and relations is offered to the scientific community to further advance research, understanding, and applications.
Topics: Humans; Personality; Neuroticism; Cognition; Extraversion, Psychological; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 37252971
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212794120 -
Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 2023Autistic adults suffer from an alarmingly high and increasing unemployment rate. Many companies use pre-employment personality screening tests. These filters likely have...
Autistic adults suffer from an alarmingly high and increasing unemployment rate. Many companies use pre-employment personality screening tests. These filters likely have disparate impacts on neurodivergent individuals, exacerbating this social problem. This situation gives rise to a bind. On the one hand, the tests disproportionately harm a vulnerable group in society. On the other, employers think that personality test scores are predictors of job performance and have a right to use personality traits in their decisions. It is difficult to say whether these negative disparate impacts are a case of wrongful discrimination. Nevertheless, we will show that pre-employment personality tests prey on several features of autism in an unfair way, and for this reason, we suggest the contours of some regulation that we deem necessary.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Autistic Disorder; Employment; Personality Disorders; Unemployment
PubMed: 38588127
DOI: 10.1353/ken.2023.a899458 -
Harvard Review of PsychiatryMalignant self-regard (MSR) is a self-representation that encompasses the shared features of depressive personality disorder, masochistic/self-defeating personality... (Review)
Review
Malignant self-regard (MSR) is a self-representation that encompasses the shared features of depressive personality disorder, masochistic/self-defeating personality disorder, depressive-masochistic personality, and vulnerable narcissism. In this review we begin by describing the construct's historical precursors, which begin in early psychoanalytic/dynamic theory, and then trace its development across iterations of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Special attention is paid to differentiating MSR from vulnerable narcissism. We then consider MSR's place within transdiagnostic, transtheoretical, and dimensional models of personality pathology. We focus heavily on MSR's impact on various personality systems (e.g., thought and affect systems) and also on overall personality functioning. The empirical research on MSR in relation to these systems is thoroughly reviewed and largely supports its psychometric properties and clinical significance. We suggest that MSR may map onto the distress subfactor in the hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP) and that MSR seems to occupy the shared internalizing space across the neurotic and borderline level of personality organization in Kernberg's model of personality disorders. We also identify four major directions for future research: the possible benefits of self-defeating tendencies that involve pathological narcissism and self-esteem; MSR's relationship to overall health and well-being; depressive states and MSR severity; and how MSR fits within the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders and the personality disorder framework of the International Classification of Diseases.
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Narcissism; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 35849740
DOI: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000342 -
Personality Disorders Sep 2022There has long been opposition to conceptualizing personality disorders as maladaptive variants of the 5-factor model. The debate though is now shifting away from the...
There has long been opposition to conceptualizing personality disorders as maladaptive variants of the 5-factor model. The debate though is now shifting away from the coverage of the , Section II personality disorders to the coverage of moment-to-moment contingencies within everyday life. Miskewicz et al. (2022) reported that trait models do account well for the intensity of triggers and the symptomatic response to these triggers but not for the contingency of the symptoms on the triggers. However, there are fundamental conceptual, methodological, and empirical problems that should question its apparent critique of the 5-factor model of personality disorder. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory; Phenotype
PubMed: 36136768
DOI: 10.1037/per0000522 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Feb 2021The diagnostic concept of Personality Disorder (PD) is changing. A dimensional PD concept that focuses on severity of impairment of personality functioning was... (Review)
Review
The diagnostic concept of Personality Disorder (PD) is changing. A dimensional PD concept that focuses on severity of impairment of personality functioning was introduced in the DSM 5 Section III in 2013 and is adopted by the upcoming ICD-11 in a similar manner. Several reliable, valid and useful instruments to assess personality functioning (Criterion A) either as self-report, expert rating or clinical interview were developed in the past years. This article gives a latest state-of-the-art overview of these measures. It underlines the importance of multi-informant multi-method assessment of, and a longitudinal perspective on PD pathology and the importance of standardized inclusion of PD individuals in studies to increase the significance of research findings.
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Personality; Personality Assessment; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 33099168
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.09.009 -
Journal of Personality Assessment 2022In this paper, we review the historical evolution of the MMPI instruments, consider the empirical foundations for its use in Forensic Mental Health Assessments (FMHAs)... (Review)
Review
In this paper, we review the historical evolution of the MMPI instruments, consider the empirical foundations for its use in Forensic Mental Health Assessments (FMHAs) with particular emphasis on the applicability of MMPI-2-RF research to these evaluations, and identify ways in which the inventory can be effectively but also inappropriately used in these assessments. We also review appellate court decisions related to forensic uses of the MMPI and discuss implications for cross-examination on MMPI-3-based testimony, emphasizing the need for forensic practitioners to be familiar with the empirical research available to guide MMPI-3 use in FHMAs. We identify areas needing further research, including the utility of the test in assessments of persons of color, investigations of the applicability of MMPI-3 results in various specific forensic assessments and rehabilitative applications, and further research on implications of the new English and Spanish-language norms. Potential contributions of studies using the updated MMPI-3 scales in descriptive research on forensic populations are also discussed. We conclude that when used properly to assess for evidence of invalid responding that may affect FMHAs, or psychological functioning relevant to answering psycho-legal referral questions, the MMPI-3 rests on solid empirical foundations that can withstand the scrutiny inherent in forensic evaluations.
Topics: Humans; MMPI; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 34919464
DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.2006672 -
PloS One 2022The purposes of this study were to investigate differences in personality and competitive anxiety depending on types of sports and gender, and to determine the influence...
The purposes of this study were to investigate differences in personality and competitive anxiety depending on types of sports and gender, and to determine the influence of personality on competitive anxiety. Participants included 237 athletes (134 men and 103 women) who participated in the Thailand University Games, 2020. They were classified as individual (n = 114) and team (n = 123) athletes. Personality characteristics and competitive anxiety were assessed by using NEO five-factor inventory and sport competitive anxiety test. Differences between individual and team athletes and between gender were tested by using independent t-test. Relationships between personality and competitive anxiety were analyzed by using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Moreover, multiple regression analysis was used to measure the contributions of personality on competitive anxiety. The results showed that competitive anxiety was significant difference between individual and team athletes (p = 0.03, d = 0.28). However, there was no difference in personality between groups. When compared between gender, there were significant differences in competitive anxiety (p < 0.001, d = 0.52) and the agreeableness (p = 0.04, d = -0.26) component of personality between female and male athletes. From the correlation analyzes, four characteristics of personality showed significant associations with competitive anxiety including neuroticism (r = -0.472, ρ < 0.001), extraversion (r = 0.184, ρ = 0.005), agreeableness (r = 0.147, ρ = 0.024), and conscientiousness (r = 0.202, ρ = 0.002). Among five personality factors, the neuroticism had minimally negative effect on competitive anxiety (β = -0.52) with percentage of prediction of 22%. These can be concluded that types of sport and gender are the important factors affecting personality and competitive anxiety. The athletes with certain personality traits were more susceptible to competitive anxiety. Importantly, the neuroticism could serve as a prediction of the competitive anxiety in all collegiate athletes.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Athletes; Competitive Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Performance Anxiety; Personality; Personality Inventory; Sex Factors; Sports; Thailand; Universities; Young Adult
PubMed: 35030214
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262486 -
Acta Psychologica May 2024This study explored demographic, ideological, self-rating and personality traits correlates of the Dark Tetrad (DT4) which measures Narcissism (Special),...
This study explored demographic, ideological, self-rating and personality traits correlates of the Dark Tetrad (DT4) which measures Narcissism (Special), Machiavellianism (Crafty), Psychopathy (Wild), and Sadism (Mean) traits. In total, 447 adults completed three tests: a bright-side, work-related, personality test (HPTI: High Performance Type Indicator), a dark-side test (Short Dark Tetrad) and a number of self-ratings. Correlations and regressions showed that all four dark traits were associated with low Adjustment (Neuroticism), but also with high Risk-Taking and Competitiveness (low Agreeableness). The various measures accounted for a third of the variance in explaining the Mean (Sadistic) score, and 40 % for Special (Narcissism). Trait Competitiveness was most closely associated with all four dark traits.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Machiavellianism; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Sadism; Cognition; Neuroticism; Personality
PubMed: 38502994
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104222 -
Personality Disorders Jul 2021Despite the advances in our understanding of the structure of personality and psychopathology (see Kotov et al., 2017), less attention has been paid to empirically...
Despite the advances in our understanding of the structure of personality and psychopathology (see Kotov et al., 2017), less attention has been paid to empirically examining their underlying facet structure. To gain a more nuanced understanding of the structure of personality, it is important to identify empirically derived lower order structures of these trait domains; thus, the present study sought to examine the structure of antagonism as represented by items from commonly used measures of pathological personality traits. Participants were recruited from a large, southeastern university ( = 532) and completed 234 antagonism items selected from seven measures of pathological personality traits. Criterion variables measuring interpersonal adjectives, aggression, substance use, depression, and anxiety were also collected. A series of factor analyses were conducted to examine the structure of antagonism at a range of specificities. A seven-factor solution emerged as being both comprehensive and reasonably parsimonious with factors labeled Callousness, Grandiosity, Domineering, Manipulation, Suspiciousness, Aggression, and Risk Taking. The present findings demonstrate how trait Antagonism unfolds at varying levels of specificity as well as how the emergent factors differentially relate to outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Aggression; Hostility; Humans; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 34323587
DOI: 10.1037/per0000416 -
Journal of Aging and Health Mar 2021Five-factor model (FFM) personality traits, including higher conscientiousness and lower neuroticism, are associated with lower risk of dementia and cognitive...
Five-factor model (FFM) personality traits, including higher conscientiousness and lower neuroticism, are associated with lower risk of dementia and cognitive impairment. In this research, we test whether retirement status moderates and/or mediates the relation between personality and cognitive impairment. We used data from the Health and Retirement Study ( = 9899), a longitudinal study of Americans over the age of 50 years, to examine moderating and mediating associations between personality traits and retirement status on risk of dementia and cognitive impairment not dementia (CIND) over an 8-10 year follow-up. Personality and retirement each had strong, independent associations with risk of dementia and CIND. There were not, however, strong or consistent, moderating or mediating associations between personality and retirement predicting impairment risk. Overall, these results indicate that personality and retirement are independent risk factors for incident cognitive impairment. Mechanisms other than retirement are likely to explain this association.
Topics: Cognitive Dysfunction; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Personality; Personality Inventory; Retirement
PubMed: 33100104
DOI: 10.1177/0898264320969080