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Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo... Jun 2022Chinese medicinal materials are the precious resources of China and favored by patients at home and abroad because of their natural sources and curative effects.... (Review)
Review
Chinese medicinal materials are the precious resources of China and favored by patients at home and abroad because of their natural sources and curative effects. Pesticides are often used to prevent and control diseases and insect pests and regulate the growth of Chinese medicinal plants, so as to improve the yield and quality of Chinese medicinal materials. Most of the pesticides can play a role in pest control through systemic action, stomach toxicity, contact, fumigation and other ways, especially the systemic pesticides can kill hidden pests by entering the Chinese medicinal plants. Despite the good pest control effect, it is difficult to remove the systemic pesticides by simple cleaning, which poses a great risk to the safety of Chinese medicinal materials. At the same time, excessive or non-standard use of pesticides leads to serious pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials, which affects not only the quality and efficacy of the materials and harm human health but also the international development of Chinese medicinal materials industry. Pesticide residues have become a bottleneck affecting the industry development and hindering the export of Chinese medicinal materials. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how to quickly, sensitively, and accurately detect and remove pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials. We reviewed the common pesticide residues in Chinese medicinal materials in recent years in terms of characteristics, harm, and detection and removal techniques, and discussed the future development of the detection and removal deve-lopment. With this review, we aimed to provide a reference for the quality control of Chinese medicinal materials and promote the healthy development of Chinese medicine industry.
Topics: Fumigation; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 35718510
DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20211209.102 -
The Science of the Total Environment Oct 2023Agricultural land retirement generates risks and opportunities for ecological communities and ecosystem services. Of particular interest is the influence of retired...
Agricultural land retirement generates risks and opportunities for ecological communities and ecosystem services. Of particular interest is the influence of retired cropland on agricultural pests and pesticides, as these uncultivated lands may directly shift the distribution of pesticide use and may serve as a source of pests and/or natural enemies for remaining active croplands. Few studies have investigated how agricultural pesticide use is impacted by land retirement. Here we couple field-level crop and pesticide data from over 200,000 field-year observations and 15 years of production in Kern County, CA, USA to investigate: 1) how much pesticide use and applied toxicity are avoided annually due to the direct effects of retirement, 2) whether surrounding retirement drives pesticide use on active cropland and what types of pesticides are most influenced, and 3) whether the effect of surrounding retirement on pesticide use is dependent on the age or revegetation cover on retired parcels. Our results suggest about 100 kha are idle in any given year, which equates to about 1.3-3 M kg of pesticide active ingredients foregone. We also find retired lands lead to a small increase in total pesticide use on nearby active lands even after controlling for a combination of crop-, farmer-, region- and year-specific heterogeneity. More specifically, the results suggest a 10 % increase in retired lands nearby results in about a 0.6 % increase in pesticides, with the effect sizes increasing as a function of the duration of continuous fallowing, but decreasing or even reversing sign at high levels of revegetation cover. Our results suggest increasingly prevalent agricultural land retirement can shift the distribution of pesticides based on what crops are retired and what active crops remain nearby.
Topics: Pesticides; Ecosystem; Retirement; Agriculture; Crops, Agricultural
PubMed: 37392893
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165224 -
The Science of the Total Environment May 2023Following agricultural application, pesticides can enter streams through runoff during rain events. However, little information is available on the temporal dynamics of...
Following agricultural application, pesticides can enter streams through runoff during rain events. However, little information is available on the temporal dynamics of pesticide toxicity during the main application period. We investigated pesticide application and large scale in-stream monitoring data from 101 agricultural catchments obtained from a Germany-wide monitoring from April to July in 2018 and 2019. We analysed temporal patterns of pesticide application, in-stream toxicity and exceedances of regulatory acceptable concentrations (RAC) for over 70 pesticides. On a monthly scale from April to July, toxicity to invertebrates and algae/aquatic plants (algae) obtained with event-driven samples (EDS) was highest in May/June. The peak of toxicity towards invertebrates and algae coincided with the peaks of insecticide and herbicide application. Future monitoring, i.e. related to the Water Framework Directive, could be limited to time periods of highest pesticide applications on a seasonal scale. On a daily scale, toxicity to invertebrates from EDS exceeded those of grab samples collected within one day after rainfall by a factor of 3.7. Within two to three days, toxicity in grab samples declined compared to EDS by a factor of ten for invertebrates, and a factor of 1.6 for algae. Thus, toxicity to invertebrates declined rapidly within 1 day after a rainfall event, whereas toxicity to algae remained elevated for up to 4 days. For six pesticides, RAC exceedances could only be detected in EDS. The exceedances of RACs coincided with the peaks in pesticide application. Based on EDS, we estimated that pesticide exposure would need a 37-fold reduction of all analysed pesticides, to meet the German environmental target to keep RAC exceedances below 1 % of EDS. Overall, our study shows a high temporal variability of exposure on a monthly but also daily scale to individual pesticides that can be linked to their period of application and related rain events.
Topics: Animals; Pesticides; Rivers; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Agriculture; Invertebrates; Environmental Monitoring
PubMed: 36758694
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162105 -
Recent Advances in Food, Nutrition &... 2023Humans and many other creatures depend on agriculture for survival, but it is impossible to cultivate without the use of pesticides. Different types of harmful organism... (Review)
Review
Humans and many other creatures depend on agriculture for survival, but it is impossible to cultivate without the use of pesticides. Different types of harmful organism or pest exists in every agricultural crop. Synthetic pesticides are widely utilised around the world as a solution to this problem, but there are drawbacks associated with their application, the most significant of which are the severe negative impacts on ecosystems and human health. Organically made pesticides should be used instead of synthetic pesticides to reduce their harmful effects. Unlike chemical pesticides, natural pesticides do not cause any harm to non-target creatures and are inexpensive. Most botanical pesticides degrade rapidly, usually in only a few days but sometimes may even take hour. One of the most promising approaches to reducing pesticide pollution and protecting crops, food, and the environment is to use botanical insecticides. Beneficial insects such as earthworms are much less likely to be killed by biopesticides. The source of herbal insecticides is herbal plants. Each plant has distinct effect since every plant have their own chemical constituent. This review explains about numerous herbs and shrubs that feature distinct insecticidal, pesticidal and repelling effect. Insecticidal activity is discovered in a broad variety of herbal plants, and this review analyses those plants in detail, defining the major active ingredient responsible for these effects.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Insecticides; Ecosystem; Pesticides; Insecta; Crops, Agricultural; Insect Repellents
PubMed: 37537931
DOI: 10.2174/2772574X14666230804102104 -
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology Jun 2021The increase in the size of the global population increases the food and energy demand, making the use of pesticides in agricultural and livestock industries... (Review)
Review
The increase in the size of the global population increases the food and energy demand, making the use of pesticides in agricultural and livestock industries unavoidable. Exposure to pesticides can be toxic to the non-target species, such as humans, wildlife, and livestock, in addition to the target organisms. Various chemicals are used in the livestock industry to control harmful organisms, such as insects, weeds, and parasites. Pigs are one of the most important food sources for humans. In addition, pigs can be used as promising models for assessing the risk of absorption of environmental pollutants through the skin and oral exposure since they are physiologically similar to humans. Exposure to numerous environmental pollutants, such as mycotoxins, persistent organic pollutants, and heavy metals, has been reported to adversely affect growth, fertility, and endocrine homeostasis in pigs. Various pesticides have been observed in porcine tissues, blood, urine, and processed foods; however, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of their effects on porcine health. This review provides a comprehensive description of the characteristics of pesticides that pigs can be exposed to and how their exposure affects porcine reproductive function, intestinal health, and endocrine homeostasis in vivo and in vitro.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Pesticides; Swine
PubMed: 33993968
DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104850 -
Talanta Feb 2021Supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction is a very important green technique for the isolation and pre-concentration of pesticide residues in food and environmental... (Review)
Review
Supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction is a very important green technique for the isolation and pre-concentration of pesticide residues in food and environmental samples prior to their chromatographic analysis. The attractive features of supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction include its simplicity, high pre-concentration factor, fastness, accuracy, low cost, less consumption of chemical reagents and environmental friendliness. The supramolecular solvent is generated from a ternary mixture of amphiphiles, water and a water miscible dispersion and coacervating solvent. Tehydrofuran is one of the solvents commonly used as both a dispersion solvent and a coacervating agent. This paper gives a recent comprehensive review on the application of alkanols as amphiphiles during supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction of pesticide residues in food and environmental samples. Other researchers used long chain fatty acids as amphiphiles during pesticide analysis in food and environmental samples using supramolecular solvent-based micro-extraction, and this is discussed in this paper. The incorporation of ferrofluids in supramolecular solvents enables phase separation using a magnet instead of the time-consuming centrifugation technique. This paper also gives a detailed review of the application of ferrofluid-based supramolecular solvent micro-extraction of pesticide residues in food and environmental samples.
Topics: Food Contamination; Liquid Phase Microextraction; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Solvents; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 33303131
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121515 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jul 2022This paper presents a novel scoring system which facilitates a relative ranking of pesticide risk to human health arising from contaminated drinking water. This method...
This paper presents a novel scoring system which facilitates a relative ranking of pesticide risk to human health arising from contaminated drinking water. This method was developed to identify risky pesticides to better inform monitoring programmes and risk assessments. Potential risk was assessed considering pesticide use, chronic human health effects and environmental fate. Site-specific soil conditions, such as soil erodibility, hydrologic group, soil depth, clay, sand, silt, and organic carbon content of soil, were incorporated to demonstrate how pesticide fate can be influenced by the areas in which they are used. The indices of quantity of use, consequence and likelihood of exposure, hazard score and quantity-weighted hazard score were used to describe the level of concern that should be attributed to a pesticide. Metabolite toxicity and persistence were also considered in a separate scoring to highlight the contribution metabolites make to overall pesticide risk. This study presents two sets of results for 63 pesticides in an Irish case study, (1) risk scores calculated for the parent compounds only and (2) a combined pesticide-metabolite risk score. In both cases the results are assessed for two locations with differing soil and hydrological properties. The method developed in this paper can be adapted by pesticide users to assess and compare pesticide risk at site level using pesticide hazard scores. Farm advisors, water quality monitors, and catchment managers can apply this method to screen pesticides for human health risk at a regional or national level.
Topics: Drinking Water; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Pesticides; Soil; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution; Water Quality
PubMed: 35302029
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154532 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jan 2023Nanopesticides are considered to be a novel and efficient kind of tool for controlling pests in modern agriculture. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), with high surface...
Nanopesticides are considered to be a novel and efficient kind of tool for controlling pests in modern agriculture. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), with high surface areas, ordered structures, and rich functional groups for loading pesticides, are a class of promising carrier materials that can be used to develop efficient nanopesticide delivery systems. However, until now, only a strong ionic interaction between the pesticide and COF can be utilized to achieve the combination between the pesticide and COF. On the basis of this method, charged pesticide molecules are the only choice for COF-based nanopesticides, which limits the exploitation. The way to load the uncharged pesticide molecules into COF still needs to be explored. Herein, in this research, we provided a commonly mild and high-efficacy strategy for loading an uncharged pesticide molecule into COF. The herbicide cyhalofop-butyl (CB), as a neutral model pesticide molecule, was loaded into the sphere COF (SCOF, a model COF synthesized at room temperature) without any ionic interaction via the host-guest strategy. The loading capacity of CB into SCOF (CB@SCOF) was determined at 57% (w/w). Smaller CB@SCOF particles (150-200 nm) can efficiently enter the weed leaves and stems, enhancing the accumulation of the effective concentration in weeds, thus increasing herbicidal activity, in comparison to CB emulsifiable (EC, micrometer scale). Furthermore, CB@SCOF had a solubilization effect for CB in water and can improve the photostability of CB. Thus, the CB-loaded COF nanosphere showed excellent herbicidal activities against the target weeds and compared to commercial CB EC. In conclusion, this study also provides a mild and high-efficacy pesticide loading strategy for COFs. The constructed efficient delivery system and pesticide formulation containing herbicidal COF nanospheres exhibit great potential applications for controlling weeds in sustainable agriculture.
Topics: Herbicides; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Pesticides; Butanes; Plant Weeds
PubMed: 36629331
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07616 -
Food Chemistry Mar 2022Organophosphates and carbamates pesticides are widely used to increase crop production globally causing a threat to human health and the environment. A variety of... (Review)
Review
Organophosphates and carbamates pesticides are widely used to increase crop production globally causing a threat to human health and the environment. A variety of pesticides are applied during different stages of vegetable production. Therefore, monitoring the presence of pesticide residues in food and soil has great relevance to sensitive pesticide detection through distinct determination methods that are urgently required. Conventional techniques for the detection of pesticides have several limitations that can be overcome by the development of highly sensitive, fast, reliable and easy-to-use electrochemical biosensors. Herein, we describe the types of biosensors with the main focus on electrochemical biosensors fabricated for the detection of OPPs and carbamates pesticides. An overview of conventional techniques employed for pesticide detection is also discussed. This review aims to provide a glance of recently developed biosensors for some common pesticides like chlorpyrifos, malathion, parathion, paraoxon, and carbaryl which are present in food and environment samples.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Humans; Parathion; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Vegetables
PubMed: 34583176
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131126 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023The vast quantity and high variety of pesticides globally used in agriculture entails considerable risks for the environment and requires ensuring the safety of food...
The vast quantity and high variety of pesticides globally used in agriculture entails considerable risks for the environment and requires ensuring the safety of food products. Therefore, powerful analytical tools are needed to acquire qualitative and quantitative data for monitoring pesticide residues. The development of ambient ionization mass spectrometry methods in the past two decades has demonstrated numerous ways to generate ions under atmospheric conditions and simultaneously to reduce the need for extended sample preparation and circumvent chromatographic separation prior to mass analysis. Swab spray ionization enables the generation of ions directly from swabs via the application of high voltage and solvent flow. In this study, swab sampling of fruit surfaces and subsequent ionization directly from the swab in a modified electrospray ion source was employed for the screening and quantitation of pesticide residues. Aspects regarding sample collection, sampling efficacy on different surfaces, and swab background are discussed. The effect of solvent composition on pesticide-sodium adduct formation and the suppression of ionization by the background matrix have been investigated. Furthermore, a novel approach for the quantitation of pesticide residues based on depletion curve areas is presented. It is demonstrated that swab spray ionization is an effective and quick method for spectral library-based identification and the quantitative analysis of polar contact pesticide residues on food.
Topics: Pesticide Residues; Fruit; Mass Spectrometry; Pesticides; Solvents; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
PubMed: 37764387
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186611