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Critical Reviews in Toxicology Oct 2019For a few years, mineral oils and their potential adverse health effects have been a constant issue of concern in many regulatory areas such as food, cosmetics, other... (Review)
Review
For a few years, mineral oils and their potential adverse health effects have been a constant issue of concern in many regulatory areas such as food, cosmetics, other consumer products, and industrial chemicals. Analytically, two fractions can be distinguished: mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). This paper aims at assessing the bioaccumulative potential and associated histopathological effects of MOSH as well as the carcinogenic potential of MOAH for consumer-relevant mineral oils. It also covers the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of MOSH and MOAH upon oral and dermal exposures. The use and occurrence of consumer-relevant, highly refined mineral oils in food, cosmetics and medicinal products are summarized, and estimates for the exposure of consumers are provided. Also addressed are the challenges in characterizing the substance identity of mineral oil products under REACH. Evidence from more recent autopsy and biopsy studies, along with information on decreasing food contamination levels, indicates a low risk for adverse hepatic lesions that may arise from the retention of MOSH in the liver. With respect to MOAH, at present there is no indication of any carcinogenic effects in animals dermally or orally exposed to highly refined mineral oils and waxes. Such products are used not only in cosmetics but also in medicinal products and as additives in food contact materials. The safety of these mineral oil-containing products is thus indirectly documented by their prevalent and long-term use, with a simultaneous lack of clinical and epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects.
Topics: Animals; Cosmetics; Environmental Exposure; Food Contamination; Humans; Hydrocarbons; Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Mineral Oil
PubMed: 31939687
DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1694862 -
Central European Journal of Public... Sep 2022This study aimed to assess the predictors of allergic sensitisation to titanium and nickel in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to assess the predictors of allergic sensitisation to titanium and nickel in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
METHODS
A total of 250 patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were invited to participate, and 235 were analysed (67% females). A patch test was performed using nickel sulphate, titanium, titanium dioxide, titanium oxalate, titanium nitride, and petrolatum as control. In addition, clinical signs of the oral mucosa, gingiva, tongue, lips, and allergological history were assessed.
RESULTS
The predictors of metal allergic sensitisation in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were adult age (OR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.2-5.5; p = 0.016), female sex (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.1-7.9; p = 0.025), exfoliative cheilitis (OR = 4.8; 95% CI: 1.9-12.4; p = 0.001), history of contact hypersensitivity (OR = 7.0; 95% CI: 1.3-35.4; p = 0.025), history of contact hypersensitivity to metals (OR = 8.3; 95% CI: 1.4-50.2; p = 0.021), and piercings (OR = 5.4; 95% CI: 2.1-13.9; p = 0.001). When predictors were analysed separately for these two metals, titanium sensitisation predictors were contact hypersensitivity to metals and piercing, whereas nickel sensitisation predictors were age and piercing.
CONCLUSION
A positive patch test alone cannot draw definite conclusions regarding allergy. However, metal allergies in patients with orthodontic appliances could be considered in cases of previous contact hypersensitivity, previous reactions to metals, exfoliative cheilitis, and piercing.
Topics: Adult; Cheilitis; Dermatitis, Contact; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Nickel; Oxalates; Petrolatum; Titanium
PubMed: 36239365
DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7122 -
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and... May 2023Estrogen is well-known for preparing uterine receptivity. However, its roles in regulating embryo development and implantation are unclear. Our objective was to...
PURPOSE
Estrogen is well-known for preparing uterine receptivity. However, its roles in regulating embryo development and implantation are unclear. Our objective was to characterize estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) in human and mouse embryos and determine the effect of estradiol (E) supplementation on pre- and peri-implantation blastocyst development.
METHODS
Mouse embryos, 8-cell through hatched blastocyst stages, and human embryonic days 5-7 blastocysts were stained for ESR1 and imaged using confocal microscopy. We then treated 8-cell mouse embryos with 8 nM E during in vitro culture (IVC) and examined embryo morphokinetics, blastocyst development, and cell allocation into the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE). Finally, we disrupted ESR1, using ICI 182,780, and evaluated peri-implantation development.
RESULTS
ESR1 exhibits nuclear localization in early blastocysts followed by aggregation, predominantly in the TE of hatching and hatched blastocysts, in human and mouse embryos. During IVC, most E was absorbed by the mineral oil, and no effect on embryo development was found. When IVC was performed without an oil overlay, embryos treated with E exhibited increased blastocyst development and ICM:TE ratio. Additionally, embryos treated with ICI 182,780 had significantly decreased trophoblast outgrowth during extended embryo culture.
CONCLUSION
Similar ESR1 localization in mouse and human blastocysts suggests a conserved role in blastocyst development. These mechanisms may be underappreciated due to the use of mineral oil during conventional IVC. This work provides important context for how estrogenic toxicants may impact reproductive health and offers an avenue to further optimize human-assisted reproductive technology (ART) to treat infertility.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Animals; Fulvestrant; Mineral Oil; Embryonic Development; Blastocyst; Estrogens
PubMed: 37017886
DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02783-2 -
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Oct 2020In dermatology, there are many bedside diagnostic tests that may aid in more rapid diagnosis and early initiation of appropriate therapy. When performed correctly, these... (Review)
Review
In dermatology, there are many bedside diagnostic tests that may aid in more rapid diagnosis and early initiation of appropriate therapy. When performed correctly, these bedside diagnostic tests can provide both sensitive and specific results. We discuss bedside diagnostic tests, such as the Tzanck smear, potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation, and mineral oil preparation, with a specific focus on their use in diagnosing infectious dermatoses.
Topics: Dermatology; Humans; Hydroxides; Indicators and Reagents; Mineral Oil; Point-of-Care Testing; Potassium Compounds; Skin; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 32562204
DOI: 10.1007/s40257-020-00526-y -
Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and...To evaluate the susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains identified in chronic venous ulcers treated with platelet-rich plasma... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To evaluate the susceptibility profiles of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains identified in chronic venous ulcers treated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and petrolatum gauze or petrolatum gauze alone and to quantitatively evaluate the bacterial load and biofilm-forming capacities of the detected S. aureus and P. aeruginosa strains.
DESIGN
Randomized controlled trial.
SUBJECTS AND SETTING
The convenience sample included 36 participants; 18 were allocated to the PRP combined with the petrolatum gauze group, and 18 were allocated to the control group, which was treated with petrolatum gauze alone.
METHODS
Thirty-six patients presenting with chronic venous ulcers were consecutively randomized to the PRP group (n = 18) or the petrolatum gauze control group (n = 18). We followed participants for 3 months during treatment and collected swab cultures from their wounds during weeks 1, 6, and 12 or until the wounds healed. The samples were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion.
RESULTS
P. aeruginosa was identified in 39 (39%) of 100 samples, and S. aureus was detected in only 10 (10%) samples collected over the study period. At the end of the 12-week treatment period, the wound infections reduced in both the PRP (P = .0078) and control groups (P = .01). The microorganisms were susceptible to most of the tested antimicrobials. The PRP did not increase the bacterial load in the wounds. All S. aureus strains identified showed biofilm-forming capacities and were classified as weak biofilm producers. All P. aeruginosa strains produced biofilm, with 17 strains being classified as weak, 14 as moderate, and 8 as strong biofilm producers.
CONCLUSIONS
The PRP plus petrolatum gauze did not increase bacteriological growth or the microbial load in chronic venous ulcers compared with petrolatum gauze alone and could be a considered as an advanced treatment option for these types of chronic wounds.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bacterial Load; Biofilms; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Platelet-Rich Plasma; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus; Treatment Outcome; Varicose Ulcer; Wound Infection
PubMed: 34186547
DOI: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000774 -
Journal of Oleo Science Mar 2022Transdermal administration represents a major advancement over traditional pharmaceutical dosing methods. However, a frequent issue is inadequate penetration of the...
Transdermal administration represents a major advancement over traditional pharmaceutical dosing methods. However, a frequent issue is inadequate penetration of the active medicinal component through the skin. As a result, in the current research, we assessed the utility of newly developed petrolatum-liquid crystal (LC) ointment formulations and characterized their biocompatibility and function in the transdermal drug delivery system. To begin, we made petrolatum-LC formulations using p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) as a hydrophilic model molecule. The viscosity, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), particle diameters, and z-potential were measured to assess the physicochemical properties of the formulations. A dialysis release technique was used to evaluate medication release from petrolatum-LC formulations. In vitro testing was performed to determine the potential to enhance skin penetration. The biocompatibility of the produced formulations was further tested using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and single-cell gel electrophoresis. According to the results, the novel petrolatum-LC formulations are biocompatible and effective in forming hexosomes. PABA skin penetration was significantly enhanced by the new petrolatum-LC formulations. According to this study, petroleum-LC formulations are more efficient than commercial petrolatum in terms of skin permeability improvement and PABA skin concentration.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Liquid Crystals; Petrolatum; Scattering, Small Angle; Skin; Skin Absorption; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 35173089
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21344 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2023Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women throughout the world. This study is a parallel,... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Anti-inflammatory effect of combining fish oil and evening primrose oil supplementation on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in women throughout the world. This study is a parallel, randomized, double-blind, controlled, 12-week supplementation trial, investigating the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary intake of fish oil and evening primrose oil (EPO), in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy. The primary outcomes were changes in the nutritional status and inflammatory cytokines of patients during the study. The secondary outcomes were changes in hematological and biochemical parameters and fatty acid profile. Of the 32 eligible patients, half of them is randomly assigned to a treatment arm with fish oil and EPO (n = 16), or a control arm (n = 16) with mineral oil as a placebo. The intervention group was taking 2 gel capsules of fish oil and 3 gel capsules of EPO (400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid, 600 mg docosahexaenoic acid, and 351 mg gamma-linolenic acid) fish oil and evening primrose oil for 12 weeks, during their chemotherapy. The control/placebo group was taking 5 gel capsules of 1g of mineral oil. One of the patients dropped out due to discontinuation of the treatment (in the placebo group) and two did not show up at the post-treatment measurements (in the intervention group), thus, 29 women completed the study. The results showed an increase in plasma levels of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), total n-3PUFA, vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), and a decrease in n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the intervention group. An increase in the plasma level of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) was observed in the placebo group. There was no difference in plasma levels of interleukin (IL) IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, while the level of IL-6 decreased in both groups and was significantly lower in the intervention group at the end of the study. In conclusion, this supplementation improved the PUFA status and decreased the level of IL-6 in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Consequently, this treatment may help reduce cancer complications resulting from impaired lipid metabolism and inflammation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03516253. Date of registration 04/05/2018.
Topics: Female; Animals; Fish Oils; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Interleukin-6; Mineral Oil; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Dietary Supplements; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Double-Blind Method; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37081029
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28411-8 -
Contact Dermatitis May 2021Patch test (PT) reactions to thiuram mix (TM) and fragrance mix (FM) I or II without concomitant reactions to their single constituents are potentially caused by the...
Stratum corneum levels of inflammatory mediators and natural moisturizing factor in patch test reactions to thiurams and fragrances and their possible role in discrimination between irritant and allergic reactions to hapten mixtures.
BACKGROUND
Patch test (PT) reactions to thiuram mix (TM) and fragrance mix (FM) I or II without concomitant reactions to their single constituents are potentially caused by the irritant properties of the mixes.
OBJECTIVE
Comparing inflammatory profiles of PT reactions to TM, FM I, FM II, and their constituents and assessing their potential in discrimination of irritant and allergic reactions.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Levels of 14 cytokines and natural moisturizing factor (NMF) were determined in stratum corneum samples collected from PT reactions to TM, FM I or II, their constituents, and petrolatum (pet.) control sites in 36 individuals.
RESULTS
Levels of interleukin (IL)-16, chemokine (CXC motif) ligand (CXCL) 8, CXCL10, chemokine (CC motif) ligand (CCL) 17, and CCL22 were significantly increased in reactions (+, ++) to thiurams and fragrances compared to their petrolatum. controls, except for PT reactions to FM I/II with negative breakdown testing in which, however, decreased levels of NMF were observed. In doubtful reactions to FM I/II with negative breakdown testing, NMF was significantly lower than in petrolatum controls.
CONCLUSIONS
PT reactions to thiurams and fragrances indicate a Th2-skewed inflammation. The inflammatory profiles suggest that weak or doubtful FM I/II reactions without accompanying reaction to a constituent were irritant. IL-16 might be suitable to distinguish irritant from allergic reaction.
Topics: Cytokines; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Irritant; Diagnosis, Differential; Epidermis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Odorants; Patch Tests; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Thiram
PubMed: 33222241
DOI: 10.1111/cod.13746 -
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and... Apr 2022The study aims to summarize current knowledge on the use of oil in embryo culture systems, with a focus on proper management of different types of oil and possible... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The study aims to summarize current knowledge on the use of oil in embryo culture systems, with a focus on proper management of different types of oil and possible impact on culture systems.
METHODS
PubMed was used to search the MEDLINE database for peer-reviewed English-language original articles and reviews concerning the use of oil in embryo culture systems. Searches were performed by adopting "embryo," "culture media," "oil," and "contaminants" as main terms. The most relevant publications were assessed and discussed critically.
RESULTS
Oils used in IVF are complex mixtures of straight-chain hydrocarbons, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and unsaturated hydrocarbons, whose precise composition influences their chemical and physical properties. Possible presence of contaminants suggests their storage at 4 °C in the dark to prevent peroxidation. Washing, generally performed by manufacturers prior to commercialization, may remove trace chemical contaminants. Oils reduce evaporation from culture media at rates depending on their chemical physical properties, culture system parameters, and incubator atmosphere. Contaminants - mainly metal ion and plastic components derived from refinement processes and storage - can pass to the aqueous phase of culture systems and affect embryo development.
CONCLUSIONS
Oils are essential components of culture systems. Their original quality and composition, storage, handling, and use can affect embryo development with significant efficiency and safety implications.
Topics: Culture Media; Embryo Culture Techniques; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Mineral Oil; Oils
PubMed: 35445905
DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02479-z -
Journal of the European Academy of... Nov 2019Mineral oils and waxes are mixtures of predominantly saturated hydrocarbons consisting of straight-chain, branched and ring structures with carbon chain lengths greater... (Review)
Review
Mineral oils and waxes are mixtures of predominantly saturated hydrocarbons consisting of straight-chain, branched and ring structures with carbon chain lengths greater than C14. They have been used for many decades in skin and lip care cosmetic products due to their excellent skin tolerance as well as their high protecting and cleansing performance and broad viscosity options. In contrast to vegetable oils, mineral oils are non-allergenic since they are highly stable and not susceptible to oxidation or rancidity. They have a long history of safe use which is confirmed by clinical and epidemiological data. In Europe, mineral oils are only permitted in cosmetics if compliant with purity specifications on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and safety requirements laid down in the European pharmacopoeia and the EU cosmetics regulation EC/1223/2009. The high quality of these mineral oils is assured by robust quality assurance and a refining/purification process designed to exclude substances with carcinogenic potential and to minimize the presence of mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons. Given their highly lipophilic properties, mineral oils do not penetrate human skin and, thus, are not systemically bioavailable in the body. Moreover, no significant changes in the skin and no effects on any internal organ system have been reported and attributed to the topical application of refined mineral oils. Regarding potential oral exposure from cosmetic lip care products, Cosmetics Europe, the European trade association for the cosmetics and personal care industry, has advised cosmetic manufacturers to only use mineral oil fractions for which recognized food acceptable daily intake (ADI) values apply. The estimated dose of mineral oils ingested via lip care products contributes to <10% of the ADI value and should therefore be considered of no toxicological concern.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Animals; Autoimmunity; Carcinogenesis; Cosmetics; European Union; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Mineral Oil; Mutagenesis; Reproduction; Skin Absorption; Waxes
PubMed: 31588613
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15946