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Environmental Science & Technology Nov 2023Polychlorinated dibenzo--dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) can be formed during the production of chlorinated paraffins...
Polychlorinated dibenzo--dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) can be formed during the production of chlorinated paraffins (CPs). Detection and accurate quantification of PCDD/Fs in CPs are challenging because of their matrix complexity. Therefore, the occurrence and formation mechanisms of PCDD/Fs from CPs have not been studied extensively in the past. In this study, 15 commercial samples including solid and liquid CPs were collected in 2022 from China. The average ΣSCCP concentrations detected in the solid and liquid CPs were 158 and 137 mg/g, respectively. The average International Toxic Equivalent (I-TEQ) values of 2,3,7,8-PCDD/F in solid and liquid CPs were 15.8 pg I-TEQ/g and 15.0 pg I-TEQ/g, respectively. The solid and liquid CPs had different predominant congener groups for SCCPs and PCDD/Fs. Possible formation routes for the generation of PCDD/Fs were analyzed by screening precursors in paraffin and laboratory-scale thermochemical experiments of CPs. The transformation between 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs and non-2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs was recognized by calculating the successive chlorination preference. The first reported occurrence of PCDD/Fs in CP commercial products indicated that exposure to CPs and downstream products might be an assignable source of PCDD/F emission, which is of great significance to further explore the control factors of PCDD/Fs in the whole life cycle of CPs.
Topics: Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; Paraffin; Dibenzofurans; Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; Benzofurans; Mineral Oil; China; Environmental Monitoring; Dioxins
PubMed: 37905521
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06378 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Feb 2021Tattoos are a current trend, but their impact on skin homeostasis and epidermal barrier function is not well known. So, the aims of this study are (1) to investigate...
Tattoos are a current trend, but their impact on skin homeostasis and epidermal barrier function is not well known. So, the aims of this study are (1) to investigate epidermal barrier function and skin homeostasis in skin with permanent tattoos, adhesive temporary tattoos and non-tattooed skin, and (2) to analyze the effect of petrolatum on skin with permanent and adhesive tattoos. In total, 67 tattoos were enrolled (34 permanent tattoos and 33 adhesive tattoos). Temperature, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration (SCH), erythema and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured in skin with permanent tattoos, adhesive tattoos and non-tattooed skin before and after petrolatum application. The temperature was lower (30.47 °C vs. 31.01 °C; = 0.001) on skin with permanent tattoos than non-tattooed skin, while SCH (48.24 Arbitrary Units (AU) vs. 44.15 AU; = 0.008) was higher. Skin with adhesive tattoos showed lower temperature, SCH (21.19 AU vs. 41.31 AU; < 0.001) and TAC (1.27 microcoulombs (uC) vs. 3.48 uC; < 0.001), and higher TEWL (8.65 g/h/m vs. 6.99 g/h/m; = 0.003), than non-tattooed skin. After petrolatum application, the temperature decreased on skin with permanent tattoos, and TEWL and SCH decreased on skin with adhesive tattoos. Adhesive tattoos may affect skin barrier function, while permanent tattoos may have a lower impact. Tattooed and non-tattooed skin responds in different ways to moisturizers.
PubMed: 33671713
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040888 -
Journal of Immunological Methods Jul 2022Nanovaccine is a revolutionary type of immunizations for various diseases that is simple to manufacture and administer. As a result, we are working to develop innovative...
Nanovaccine is a revolutionary type of immunizations for various diseases that is simple to manufacture and administer. As a result, we are working to develop innovative nanovaccines against E. coli, which is capable of causing disease both inside and outside of its predilection sites, causing respiratory and systemic disease (colibacillosis).Colibacillosis is a global disease that significantly affects poultry production. The present study aims to evaluate in vivo cell-mediated immunity against a chitosan-nanovaccine from E. coli serogroups O1 and O78 to aid in limiting colibacillosis in chicken. Two hundred specific pathogen-free (SPF) three weeks old broiler chickens were used and divided into five groups: the first group inoculated with the outer membrane and flagellar antigen (OF), the second group inoculated with chitosan capsulated-outer membrane protein-flagellar antigen (CS-O-F), the third group inoculated with chitosan loaded-outer membrane protein-flagellar antigen (CS-O-F), the fourth group was vaccinated with (CS-O-F-M) adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 71 RVG, and the fifth group was left as unvaccinated control. The immune response was measured by ELISA, lymphocyte proliferation test, and challenge test. The duration of immunity was also studied. The CS-O-F-M had the highest antibody titer in an ELISA test using the O1 strain, and the CS-O-F had the highest antibody titer in an ELISA test using the O78 strain. For both O1 and O78 strains, the CS-O-F-M had the strongest cell-mediated immune response, which was validated by the challenge test and duration study. We recommend producing nanovaccines (CS-O-F-M) from E.coli O1 and O78 strains as a new manufacturing vaccine based on the demonstrated results. Because it produces highly effective humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, this novel vaccine may be useful in reducing the risk of colibacillosis.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Chitosan; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Immunity, Cellular; Membrane Proteins; Mineral Oil; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 35577101
DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113280 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Oct 2022Refined edible oils and fats are known to contain olefins resisting the typical epoxidation used for the sample preparation of mineral oil saturated and aromatic...
Automated workflow utilizing saponification and improved epoxidation for the sensitive determination of mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and fats.
Refined edible oils and fats are known to contain olefins resisting the typical epoxidation used for the sample preparation of mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons (MOSH and MOAH). These olefins can be misinterpreted as MOAH and are therefore an important reason for inconsistent results between laboratories. Collaborative trials confirm this assumption for low MOAH contents near the quantitation limits regularly. In the scope of this work, a new epoxidation approach was developed. Persistent olefins in refined oils could be successfully epoxidized with performic acid. The reaction kinetics was investigated using model substances for biogenic olefins and MOAH. It was rationalized why certain olefins resist epoxidation and which MOAH can potentially get lost. A prominent peak cluster in the MOAH fraction of refined palm oils could be identified by means of GC-MS and explained why it cannot be epoxidized. Based upon this, an automated and streamlined workflow for sample preparation and analysis was composed tackling major problems identified in previously published methods. Optimized and miniaturized saponification, extraction, epoxidation, and enrichment paired with online LC-GC-FID led to a robust method that was tested and validated for edible oils and fats (RSD < 7% for MOSH and MOAH at values of 14.9 and 2.1 mg/kg, respectively). Due to increased sample amount and minimized blank values, quantitation limits below 1 mg/kg for MOSH and MOAH were achieved. The trueness of the method was verified by analyzing collaborative trial samples.
Topics: Alkenes; Fats; Food Contamination; Hydrocarbons; Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; Mineral Oil; Plant Oils; Workflow
PubMed: 36179602
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463523 -
Cutis Feb 2023Achieving hemostasis in cutaneous surgery on bony or irregular surfaces can be challenging; typical pressure dressings that act by mechanical occlusion with petrolatum...
Achieving hemostasis in cutaneous surgery on bony or irregular surfaces can be challenging; typical pressure dressings that act by mechanical occlusion with petrolatum gauze can be inadequate. We offer the use of bone wax as a practical hemostatic agent that can be (1) molded to provide ideal occlusion and pressure without adhering to wound surfaces and (2) painlessly and simply removed.
Topics: Humans; Hemostatics; Waxes; Hemostasis; Palmitates
PubMed: 37075178
DOI: 10.12788/cutis.0694 -
Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and... 2019To investigate the region-specific effects of painful trigeminal capsaicin stimulation in healthy participants.
AIMS
To investigate the region-specific effects of painful trigeminal capsaicin stimulation in healthy participants.
METHODS
Twenty healthy participants (10 men and 10 women) participated in four sessions in which they received application of 0.05 mL Vaseline (placebo) or capsaicin cream (0.1%) to a different area innervated by the three branches of the trigeminal nerve: the supraorbital area (V1), the nasal mucosa (V1/V2), and the maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3) oral mucosa. The participants rated their perceived sensations on a 0-50-100 numeric rating scale (NRS). Thermal (5°C, 23°C, and 50°C) and mechanical (32 mN and 256 mN) sensitivities were assessed. The Schirmer tearing test was used to monitor the lacrimation level as a local measure of autonomic activity, and the Task Force Monitor was used to record systemic autonomic activity. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance.
RESULTS
Capsaicin application evoked significantly higher overall NRS scores (P < .001) and induced significantly higher ratings to the heat stimuli (P < .009) in all sessions compared to control. For lacrimation level, capsaicin stimulation resulted in a significant increase compared to control (P < .0002) only in the nasal mucosa session.
CONCLUSION
Topical application of capsaicin cream to the different branches of the trigeminal nerve caused higher NRS scores along with an altered somatosensory sensitivity. Furthermore, in the nasal mucosa session, a robust local and generalized parasympathetic activation appeared following capsaicin application.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Capsaicin; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Mucosa; Nasal Mucosa; Petrolatum; Trigeminal Nerve
PubMed: 30978271
DOI: 10.11607/ofph.2303 -
Contact Dermatitis Nov 2020Citronellol is a commonly used fragrance terpene included in fragrance mix II. As with many other fragrance terpenes, citronellol is susceptible to autoxidation....
BACKGROUND
Citronellol is a commonly used fragrance terpene included in fragrance mix II. As with many other fragrance terpenes, citronellol is susceptible to autoxidation. Citronellol hydroperoxides are formed in large amounts and are the only oxidation products identified as sensitizers in oxidized citronellol.
AIM
To compare frequencies of contact allergy to purified and oxidized citronellol and to investigate the pattern of concomitant reactions to fragrance markers of the baseline series, oxidized linalool, and oxidized limonene.
METHODS
A total of 658 dermatitis patients were patch tested with purified and oxidized citronellol at 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, and 1.0%, 2.0%, 4.0%, 6.0% petrolatum, respectively. The irritant properties of purified and oxidized citronellol were studied before patch testing.
RESULTS
Few irritant reactions were observed in the pretest. Purified citronellol detected positive reactions in 0.15%-0.31% of patients, while oxidized citronellol detected positive reactions in 0.61%-4.5%. Among patients reacting to oxidized citronellol, 34%-50% showed concomitant reactions to fragrance markers of the baseline series and 75%-91% to oxidized linalool or oxidized limonene.
CONCLUSION
Oxidized citronellol detects more cases of contact allergy than purified citronellol, and these cases are not all detected using fragrance mix II. Patch testing with oxidized citronellol will add to the tools in the diagnosis of fragrance allergy.
Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Adult; Allergens; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Humans; Irritants; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidation-Reduction; Patch Tests; Perfume; Terpenes
PubMed: 32638395
DOI: 10.1111/cod.13654 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by parasites belonging to the genus for which there is no vaccine available for human use. Thus, the aims of...
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by parasites belonging to the genus for which there is no vaccine available for human use. Thus, the aims of this study are to evaluate the immunoprotective effect of a first-generation vaccine against and to identify its immunodominant antigens. BALB/c mice were inoculated with phosphate buffer sodium (PBS), total antigens (TLAs), or TLA with Poly (I:C) and Montanide ISA 763. The humoral and cellular immune response was evaluated before infection. IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were measured on serum, and IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 cytokines as well as cell proliferation were measured on a splenocyte culture from vaccinated mice. Immunized mice were challenged with 10 infective parasites of on the footpad. After infection, the protection provided by the vaccine was analyzed by measuring lesion size, splenic index, and parasite load on the footpad and spleen. To identify immunodominant antigens, total proteins of were separated on 2D electrophoresis gel and transferred to a membrane that was incubated with serum from immunoprotected mice. The antigens recognized by the serum were analyzed through a mass spectrometric assay (LC-MS/MS-IT-TOF) to identify their protein sequence, which was subjected to bioinformatic analysis. The first-generation vaccine induced higher levels of antibodies, cytokines, and cell proliferation than the controls after the second dose. Mice vaccinated with TLA + Poly (I:C) + Montanide ISA 763 showed less footpad swelling, a lower splenic index, and a lower parasite load than the control groups (PBS and TLA). Four immunodominant proteins were identified by mass spectrometry: cytosolic tryparedoxin peroxidase, an uncharacterized protein, a kinetoplast-associated protein-like protein, and a putative heat-shock protein DNAJ. The identified proteins showed high levels of conserved sequence among species belonging to the genus and the Trypanosomatidae family. These proteins also proved to be phylogenetically divergent to human and canine proteins. TLA + Poly (I:C) + Montanide ISA 763 could be used as a first-generation vaccine against leishmaniasis. The four proteins identified from the whole-protein vaccine could be good antigen candidates to develop a new-generation vaccine against leishmaniasis.
Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Liquid; Cytokines; Dogs; Immunodominant Epitopes; Leishmania; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Mice; Mineral Oil; Poly I-C; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Vaccines
PubMed: 35634280
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.825007 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Feb 2020Key issues around the evaluation of risks to humans from mineral oils in food and feedstuffs are discussed. MOHs (MOAH and MOSH) occur in food due to intentional use,... (Review)
Review
Key issues around the evaluation of risks to humans from mineral oils in food and feedstuffs are discussed. MOHs (MOAH and MOSH) occur in food due to intentional use, contamination from environmental sources and during transport/processing, or through migration from food contact materials. Problems in setting and enforcing human health guidelines for MOH include uncertainty around MOH toxicity and the specialist expertise needed for analysis of complex food matrices. Currently, the method of choice for measuring mineral oils is LC-GC-FID, however some complex food matrices also require additional analytical techniques to differentiate between some naturally occurring hydrocarbons and those from other sources, including of petrogenic origin. This requires the skills of an experienced analyst. Significant toxicological gaps for MOHs prevent robust human health risk assessment and the derivation of guidance values. As food-grade mineral oils are virtually MOAH-free, the key issue explored here is the relevance to humans of liver (micro)granulomas observed in F344 rats following oral intake. Available data suggest that despite the ubiquitous nature of MOH in the human diet, the prevalence of liver lipogranulomas in the population is low. These are not associated with inflammation and based on current evidence are not considered of human health significance.
Topics: Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Food Contamination; Food Packaging; Granuloma; Humans; Mineral Oil; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 31751646
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110966 -
Non-destructive quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical ointment by transmission Raman spectroscopy.European Journal of Pharmaceutical... Feb 2022Transmission Raman spectroscopy was used to develop a non-destructive quantitative analytical model for the assay of a crystal dispersion-type ointment containing...
Transmission Raman spectroscopy was used to develop a non-destructive quantitative analytical model for the assay of a crystal dispersion-type ointment containing acyclovir as a model drug with a concentration of 3% w/w. The obtained Raman spectra were pre-processed by applying multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate, and first or second derivative by the Savitzky-Golay method to optimize the partial least squares (PLS) regression model. The optimized PLS model showed good prediction performance for 85%, 100%, and 115% label claims, with average recovery values of 100.7%, 99.3%, and 99.8%, respectively. Although the material properties and manufacturing method of acyclovir and white petrolatum were expected to be different from those of the calibration set, the mean recovery value of the commercial product was 104.2%. These results indicate that transmission Raman spectroscopy is a useful process analytical technology tool for product development and quality control of a crystal dispersion-type ointment with low drug concentration.
Topics: Calibration; Least-Squares Analysis; Ointments; Quality Control; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 34906685
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106095