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Journal of Experimental Botany May 2020Autophagy is a universal mechanism that facilitates the degradation of unwanted cytoplasmic components in eukaryotic cells. In this review, we highlight recent... (Review)
Review
Autophagy is a universal mechanism that facilitates the degradation of unwanted cytoplasmic components in eukaryotic cells. In this review, we highlight recent developments in the investigation of the role of autophagy in lipid homeostasis in plants by comparison with algae, yeast, and animals. We consider the storage compartments that form the sources of lipids in plants, and the roles that autophagy plays in the synthesis of triacylglycerols and in the formation and maintenance of lipid droplets. We also consider the relationship between lipids and the biogenesis of autophagosomes, and the role of autophagy in the degradation of lipids in plants.
Topics: Animals; Autophagosomes; Autophagy; Lipid Droplets; Lipids; Plants
PubMed: 32080724
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa082 -
Journal of Molecular Biology Jan 2020
Topics: Animals; Autophagosomes; Autophagy; Autophagy-Related Proteins; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Lysosomes; Mitophagy; Signal Transduction; Ubiquitin
PubMed: 31839401
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.010 -
Medicinal Research Reviews Jul 2022Incomplete autophagy is an impaired self-eating process of intracellular macromolecules and organelles in which accumulated autophagosomes do not fuse with lysosomes for... (Review)
Review
Incomplete autophagy is an impaired self-eating process of intracellular macromolecules and organelles in which accumulated autophagosomes do not fuse with lysosomes for degradation, resulting in the blockage of autophagic flux. In this review, we summarized the literature over the past decade describing incomplete autophagy, and found that different from the double-edged sword effect of general autophagy on promoting cell survival or death, incomplete autophagy plays a crucial role in disrupting cellular homeostasis, and promotes only cell death. What matters is that incomplete autophagy is closely relevant to the pathogenesis and progression of various human diseases, which, meanwhile, intimately linking to the pharmacologic and toxicologic effects of several compounds. Here, we comprehensively reviewed the latest progress of incomplete autophagy on molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. Moreover, implications of incomplete autophagy for pharmacotherapy are also discussed, which has great relevance for our understanding of the distinctive role of incomplete autophagy in cellular physiology and disease. Consequently, targeting incomplete autophagy may contribute to the development of novel generation therapeutic agents for diverse human diseases.
Topics: Autophagosomes; Autophagy; Cell Survival; Friends; Humans; Lysosomes
PubMed: 35275411
DOI: 10.1002/med.21884 -
ELife Jun 2024A change in the electric charge of autophagosome membranes controls the recruitment of SNARE proteins to ensure that membrane fusion occurs at the right time during...
A change in the electric charge of autophagosome membranes controls the recruitment of SNARE proteins to ensure that membrane fusion occurs at the right time during autophagy.
Topics: Autophagy; Autophagosomes; Membrane Fusion; SNARE Proteins; Humans; Animals
PubMed: 38831693
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.99181 -
Cells Oct 2021Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway, in which cytoplasmic components are sequestered within double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes and then... (Review)
Review
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway, in which cytoplasmic components are sequestered within double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes and then transported into lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. Over 40 conserved autophagy-related (ATG) genes define the core machinery for the five processes of autophagy: initiation, nucleation, elongation, closure, and fusion. In this review, we focus on one of the least well-characterized events in autophagy, namely the closure of the isolation membrane/phagophore to form the sealed autophagosome. This process is tightly regulated by ESCRT machinery, ATG proteins, Rab GTPase and Rab-related proteins, SNAREs, sphingomyelin, and calcium. We summarize recent progress in the regulation of autophagosome closure and discuss the key questions remaining to be addressed.
Topics: Animals; Autophagosomes; Calcium; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport; Humans; SNARE Proteins; Sphingomyelins; rab GTP-Binding Proteins
PubMed: 34831036
DOI: 10.3390/cells10112814 -
The Journal of Cell Biology Aug 2020Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) compartmentalizes and concentrates biomacromolecules into distinct condensates. Liquid-like condensates can transition into gel and... (Review)
Review
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) compartmentalizes and concentrates biomacromolecules into distinct condensates. Liquid-like condensates can transition into gel and solid states, which are essential for fulfilling their different functions. LLPS plays important roles in multiple steps of autophagy, mediating the assembly of autophagosome formation sites, acting as an unconventional modulator of TORC1-mediated autophagy regulation, and triaging protein cargos for degradation. Gel-like, but not solid, protein condensates can trigger formation of surrounding autophagosomal membranes. Stress and pathological conditions cause aberrant phase separation and transition of condensates, which can evade surveillance by the autophagy machinery. Understanding the mechanisms underlying phase separation and transition will provide potential therapeutic targets for protein aggregation diseases.
Topics: Animals; Autophagosomes; Autophagy-Related Proteins; Humans; Macroautophagy; Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1; Phase Transition; Protein Aggregates; Protein Aggregation, Pathological; Protein Transport; Proteolysis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 32603410
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004062 -
Autophagy Apr 2024Activated transmembrane receptors continue to signal following endocytosis and are only silenced upon ESCRT-mediated internalization of the receptors into intralumenal...
Activated transmembrane receptors continue to signal following endocytosis and are only silenced upon ESCRT-mediated internalization of the receptors into intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) of the endosomes. Accordingly, endosomes with dysfunctional receptor internalization into ILVs can cause sustained receptor signaling which has been implicated in cancer progression. Here, we describe a surveillance mechanism that allows cells to detect and clear physically intact endosomes with aberrant receptor accumulation and elevated signaling. Proximity biotinylation and proteomics analyses of ESCRT-0 defective endosomes revealed a strong enrichment of the ubiquitin-binding macroautophagy/autophagy receptors SQSTM1 and NBR1, a phenotype that was confirmed in cell culture and fly tissue. Live cell microscopy demonstrated that loss of the ESCRT-0 subunit HGS/HRS or the ESCRT-I subunit VPS37 led to high levels of ubiquitinated and phosphorylated receptors on endosomes. This was accompanied by dynamic recruitment of NBR1 and SQSTM1 as well as proteins involved in autophagy initiation and autophagosome biogenesis. Light microscopy and electron tomography revealed that endosomes with intact limiting membrane, but aberrant receptor downregulation were engulfed by phagophores. Inhibition of autophagy caused increased intra- and intercellular signaling and directed cell migration. We conclude that dysfunctional endosomes are surveyed and cleared by an autophagic process, simaphagy, which serves as a failsafe mechanism in signal termination. AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; APEX2: apurinic/apyrimidinic endodoexyribonuclease 2; ctrl: control; EEA1: early endosome antigen 1; EGF: epidermal growth factor; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complex required for transport; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HGS/HRS: hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate; IF: immunofluorescence; ILV: intralumenal vesicle; KO: knockout; LIR: LC3-interacting region; LLOMe: L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (hydrochloride); MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK1/ERK2: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MAPK3/ERK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; PAG10: Protein A-conjugated 10-nm gold; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TUB: Tubulin; UBA: ubiquitin-associated; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VCL: Vinculin; VPS37: VPS37 subunit of ESCRT-I; WB: western blot; WT: wild-type.
Topics: Endosomes; Humans; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport; Autophagy; Signal Transduction; Animals; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Sequestosome-1 Protein; Autophagosomes; Endocytosis; HeLa Cells; Cell Movement
PubMed: 37840274
DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2267958 -
Journal of Neurochemistry Aug 2021Neurons, because of their elaborate morphology and the long distances between distal axons and the soma as well as their longevity, pose special challenges to autophagy... (Review)
Review
Neurons, because of their elaborate morphology and the long distances between distal axons and the soma as well as their longevity, pose special challenges to autophagy and to the endolysosomal system, two of the main degradative routes for turnover of defective proteins and organelles. Autophagosomes sequester cytoplasmic or organellar cargos by engulfing them into their lumen before fusion with degradative lysosomes enriched in neuronal somata and participate in retrograde signaling to the soma. Endosomes are mainly involved in the sorting, recycling, or lysosomal turnover of internalized or membrane-bound macromolecules to maintain axonal membrane homeostasis. Lysosomes and the multiple shades of lysosome-related organelles also serve non-degradative roles, for example, in nutrient signaling and in synapse formation. Recent years have begun to shed light on the distinctive organization of the autophagy and endolysosomal systems in neurons, in particular their roles in axons. We review here our current understanding of the localization, distribution, and growing list of functions of these organelles in the axon in health and disease and outline perspectives for future research.
Topics: Animals; Autophagosomes; Autophagy; Axons; Endosomes; Humans; Lysosomes; Membrane Transport Proteins; Neurons; Protein Transport
PubMed: 33372296
DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15287 -
Protein & Cell Jul 2021Autophagy is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and its dysfunction has been linked to various diseases. Autophagy is a membrane driven process and... (Review)
Review
Autophagy is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and its dysfunction has been linked to various diseases. Autophagy is a membrane driven process and tightly regulated by membrane-associated proteins. Here, we summarized membrane lipid composition, and membrane-associated proteins relevant to autophagy from a spatiotemporal perspective. In particular, we focused on three important membrane remodeling processes in autophagy, lipid transfer for phagophore elongation, membrane scission for phagophore closure, and autophagosome-lysosome membrane fusion. We discussed the significance of the discoveries in this field and possible avenues to follow for future studies. Finally, we summarized the membrane-associated biochemical techniques and assays used to study membrane properties, with a discussion of their applications in autophagy.
Topics: Animals; Autophagosomes; Autophagy; Autophagy-Related Proteins; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport; Gene Expression; Homeostasis; Intracellular Membranes; Lysosomes; Mammals; Membrane Fusion; Membrane Lipids; Membrane Proteins; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Vesicular Transport Proteins
PubMed: 33151516
DOI: 10.1007/s13238-020-00793-9 -
Current Opinion in Cell Biology Apr 2020Autophagosome formation and maturation involve the two ubiquitin-like systems: The ATG8 and ATG12 systems. ATG8 (LC3s and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated... (Review)
Review
Autophagosome formation and maturation involve the two ubiquitin-like systems: The ATG8 and ATG12 systems. ATG8 (LC3s and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated proteins in mammals) and ATG12 are covalently conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine and ATG5, respectively. Although the ATG12 and ATG8 systems were discovered more than 20 years ago, their molecular functions are not fully understood. The aim of this review is to summarize recent findings related to ATG conjugation systems, focusing on current controversies regarding the genetic hierarchy of these systems, interpretation of conjugation-independent alternative macroautophagy, the differences in roles between LC3s and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated proteins in autophagosome formation and cargo recognition, and evolution of these systems.
Topics: Autophagosomes; Autophagy; Humans; Ubiquitin
PubMed: 31901645
DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.12.001