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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022Pain affects approximately 100 million Americans. Pain harms quality of life and costs patients billions of dollars per year. Clinically, nonpharmacologic and...
Pain affects approximately 100 million Americans. Pain harms quality of life and costs patients billions of dollars per year. Clinically, nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies can alleviate acute and chronic pain suffering. Opioids are one type of medication used to manage pain. However, opioids can potentially create dependence and substance abuse, and the effects are not consistent in all patients. Pharmacogenomics is the study of the genome to understand the effects of drugs on individual patients based on their genetic information. Through pharmacogenomics, researchers can investigate genetic polymorphisms related to pain that maximize individual patient drug responses and minimize toxicity. This chapter discusses the pharmacogenomics of opioids to treat pain, including individual genetic differences to opioid treatments, opioid pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and the genetic polymorphisms associated with individual opioid medications.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Chronic Pain; Humans; Pain Management; Pharmacogenetics; Quality of Life; United States
PubMed: 36068474
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2573-6_17 -
Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and... Nov 2021Metabolomics is the large-scale study of low-molecular-weight substances in a biological system in a given physiological state at a given time point. Metabolomics can be... (Review)
Review
Metabolomics is the large-scale study of low-molecular-weight substances in a biological system in a given physiological state at a given time point. Metabolomics can be applied to identify predictors of inter-individual variability in drug response, provide clinicians with data useful for decision-making processes in drug selection, and inform about the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a drug. It is, therefore, an exceptional approach for gaining new understanding effects in the field of comparative veterinary pharmacology. However, the incorporation of metabolomics into veterinary pharmacology and toxicology is not yet widespread, and this is probably, at least in part, a result of its highly multidisciplinary nature. This article reviews the potential applications of metabolomics in veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. It integrates key concepts for designing metabolomics studies and analyzing and interpreting metabolomics data, providing solid foundations for applying metabolomics to the study of drugs in all veterinary species.
Topics: Animals; Metabolomics; Pharmacology
PubMed: 33719079
DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12961 -
Currents in Pharmacy Teaching & Learning May 2022There is renewed research attention on the use of psychedelic drugs to treat psychiatric illnesses. If psychedelic drugs are approved for medical use in the United...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
There is renewed research attention on the use of psychedelic drugs to treat psychiatric illnesses. If psychedelic drugs are approved for medical use in the United States, patients, professionals, and policy makers will look to pharmacists as medication experts for advice on the safe, effective, and ethical use of these substances. To help prepare a future generation of pharmacists in this therapeutic area, a psychedelic psychopharmacology elective was developed and piloted.
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING
Broadly, the objectives of the course were to train students to (1) analyze scientific literature, (2) engage in ethical discussions, and (3) make evidence-based clinical recommendations about the use of psychedelics. The pilot elective course was delivered synchronously online to 12 second- and third-year pharmacy students during spring 2021. Activities included journal clubs, textbook reading assignments, reflective structured dialogues, a monograph, and a term paper.
FINDINGS
The course was feasible for a single instructor and well-received by students. A mix of instructor-directed and self-directed learning approaches were utilized.
SUMMARY
The pilot psychedelic psychopharmacology elective was a success, providing a framework for future courses.
Topics: Hallucinogens; Humans; Learning; Mental Disorders; Psychopharmacology; Students, Pharmacy; United States
PubMed: 35715110
DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2022.04.019 -
Journal of Psychiatric and Mental... Jun 2023WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: People with mood disorders often use substances. There are several clinician-driven hypotheses explaining the relationship. WHAT THE PAPER... (Review)
Review
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: People with mood disorders often use substances. There are several clinician-driven hypotheses explaining the relationship. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: The paper draws together the existing research on the perceptions of those with lived experience of mood disorders on the reasons for using substances. The participants in the studies identified using substances to manage their mood when treatment to manage their mood was not effective or acceptable, and as an escape from trauma and hardship. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Mental health nurses need an understanding of why people with mood disorders may use substances and the impact of this on their treatment. Mental health nurses need to provide trauma-informed care that emphasizes harm reduction for those who have mood disorders and substance use. ABSTRACT: Introduction Substance use is highly prevalent among people with mood disorders. Effective treatment for these people requires a better understanding of the relationship between both mood and substance use from the perspectives of those with lived experience. Question What are the reasons those with lived experience of mood disorders give for substance use? Method An integrative review was conducted. The Joanna Briggs Institute suite of critical appraisal tools was used to evaluate the quality of individual studies. Data relevant to the review question were extracted, and the results were synthesized into themes. Results Eighteen papers met the eligibility criteria. Three themes were identified across the included studies: Managing my mood, More Effective than prescribed medication, and Escape from trauma and hardship. Discussion This integrative review identified that people with a mood disorder who use substances described choosing to take substances to manage their mood, as an alternative to prescribed medications, and to cope with trauma and social hardships. Implications for Practice Mental health nurses need to provide care that recognizes why people use substances. They need to understand these reasons to provide a harm reduction and trauma-informed model of care. Evidence-based non-pharmacological interventions for mood disorders need to be available as an alternative to medications or as a supplement.
Topics: Humans; Substance-Related Disorders; Mood Disorders
PubMed: 36177991
DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12876 -
Chemical Reviews Dec 2019Reductive amination plays a paramount role in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry owing to its synthetic merits and the ubiquitous presence of amines among... (Review)
Review
Reductive amination plays a paramount role in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry owing to its synthetic merits and the ubiquitous presence of amines among biologically active compounds. It is one of the key approaches to C-N bond construction due to its operational easiness and a wide toolbox of protocols. Recent studies show that at least a quarter of C-N bond-forming reactions in the pharmaceutical industry are performed via reductive amination. This Review concisely compiles information on 71 medical substances that are synthesized by reductive amination. Compounds are grouped according to the principle of action, which includes drugs affecting the central nervous system, drugs affecting the cardiovascular system, anticancer drugs, antibiotics, antiviral and antifungal medicines, drugs affecting the urinary system, drugs affecting the respiratory system, antidiabetic medications, drugs affecting the gastrointestinal tract, and drugs regulating metabolic processes. A general synthetic scheme is provided for each compound, and the description is focused on reductive amination steps. The green chemistry metric of reaction mass efficiency was calculated for all reactions.
Topics: Amination; Amines; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Lewis Acids; Oxidation-Reduction; Pharmaceutical Preparations
PubMed: 31633341
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00383 -
Experimental and Clinical... Jun 2023Co-use of alcohol and cannabis is highly prevalent and often problematic. However, mechanisms underlying their co-use remain unclear. This randomized and crossover study... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Co-use of alcohol and cannabis is highly prevalent and often problematic. However, mechanisms underlying their co-use remain unclear. This randomized and crossover study tests cross-substance subjective craving for alcohol and cannabis. A community sample of nontreatment-seeking alcohol and cannabis co-users ( = 30 completers, 40% female) reporting high-risk levels of alcohol and cannabis use completed two experimental sessions in their homes and were monitored remotely using internet meeting technology (i.e., Zoom). The two counterbalanced and randomized sessions were as follows: (a) consumption of a standard alcoholic beverage followed by cannabis cue exposure and (b) consumption (i.e., smoking) of a miniature cannabis cigarette (containing 18%-22% tetrahydrocannabinol), followed by alcohol cue exposure. Participants rated their subjective craving for both alcohol and cannabis at baseline, following alcohol/cannabis administration, and following the presentation of cross-substance-related cues. Repeated measures analysis of variances revealed a statistically significant difference in cannabis craving across time, such that craving for cannabis was significantly higher following cannabis cue reactivity, compared to baseline and following alcohol administration ('s < .001). Similarly, there was a statistically significant difference in alcohol craving across time, such that craving for alcohol was significantly higher following alcohol cue reactivity, compared to baseline and following cannabis administration ('s < .001). Overall, results suggest that individuals who co-use alcohol and cannabis are most sensitive to the cue-induced, rather than the pharmacologically induced effects, of substance administration on cross-substance craving. This pattern of findings does not support a complementarity model. Conversely, these results may be interpreted as indicative of a substitution model for alcohol and cannabis co-use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Craving; Cannabis; Cues; Cross-Over Studies; Psychopharmacology; Hallucinogens; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; Ethanol
PubMed: 36534416
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000621 -
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 2022The present work reviews current evidence regarding the contribution of machine learning to the discovery of new drug targets. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The present work reviews current evidence regarding the contribution of machine learning to the discovery of new drug targets.
METHODS
Scientific articles from PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Web of Science Core Collection published until May 2021 were included in this review.
RESULTS
The most significant areas of research are schizophrenia, depression and anxiety, Alzheimer´s disease, and substance use disorders. ML techniques have pinpointed target gene candidates and pathways, new molecular substances, and several biomarkers regarding psychiatric disorders. Drug repositioning studies using ML have identified multiple drug candidates as promising therapeutic agents.
CONCLUSION
Next-generation ML techniques and subsequent deep learning may power new findings regarding the discovery of new pharmacological agents by bridging the gap between biological data and chemical drug information.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Drug Repositioning; Humans; Machine Learning; Psychiatry; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 34607546
DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211004095917 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023This review describes the various innovative approaches implemented for naringin extraction as well as the recent developments in the field. Naringin was assessed in... (Review)
Review
This review describes the various innovative approaches implemented for naringin extraction as well as the recent developments in the field. Naringin was assessed in terms of its structure, chemical composition, and potential food sources. How naringin works pharmacologically was discussed, including its potential as an anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective substance. Citrus flavonoids are crucial herbal additives that have a huge spectrum of organic activities. Naringin is a nutritional flavanone glycoside that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of a few chronic disorders associated with ageing. Citrus fruits contain a common flavone glycoside that has specific pharmacological and biological properties. Naringin, a flavone glycoside with a range of intriguing characteristics, is abundant in citrus fruits. Naringin has been shown to have a variety of biological, medicinal, and pharmacological effects. Naringin is hydrolyzed into rhamnose and prunin by the naringinase, which also possesses l-rhamnosidase activity. D-glucosidase subsequently catalyzes the hydrolysis of prunin into glucose and naringenin. Naringin is known for having anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tumor-fighting effects. Numerous test animals and cell lines have been used to correlate naringin exposure to asthma, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cancer, hyperthyroidism, and osteoporosis. This study focused on the many documented actions of naringin in in-vitro and in-vivo experimental and preclinical investigations, as well as its prospective therapeutic advantages, utilizing the information that is presently accessible in the literature. In addition to its pharmacokinetic characteristics, naringin's structure, distribution, different extraction methods, and potential use in the cosmetic, food, pharmaceutical, and animal feed sectors were discussed.
Topics: Animals; Flavanones; Glycosides; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Flavones
PubMed: 37570594
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155623