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Environment International Feb 2023Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is extensively used organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers that posed risks to organisms and human beings. In this study, the...
Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is extensively used organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers that posed risks to organisms and human beings. In this study, the translocation and biotransformation behavior of isomers tri-p-cresyl phosphate (TpCP), tri-m-cresyl phosphate (TmCP), and tri-o-cresyl phosphate (ToCP) in rice and rhizosphere microbiome was explored by hydroponic exposure. TpCP and TmCP were found more liable to be translocated acropetally, compared with ToCP, although they have same molecular weight and similar K. Rhizosphere microbiome named microbial consortium GY could reduce the uptake of TpCP, TmCP, and ToCP in rice tissues, and promote rice growth. New metabolites were successfully identified in rice and microbiome, including hydrolysis, hydroxylated, methylated, demethylated, methoxylated, and glucuronide- products. The methylation, demethylation, methoxylation, and glycosylation pathways of TCP isomers were observed for the first time in organisms. What is more important is that the demethylation of TCPs could be an important and overlooked source of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), which broke the traditional understanding of the only manmade source of toxic TPHP in the environment. Active members of the microbial consortium GY during degradation were revealed and metagenomic analysis indicated that most of active populations contained TCP-degrading genes. It is noteworthy that the strains and function genes in microbial consortium GY that responsible for TCP isomers' transformation were different. These results can improve our understanding of the translocation and transformation of organic pollutant isomers in plants and rhizosphere microbiome.
Topics: Humans; Tritolyl Phosphates; Oryza; Organophosphates; Microbiota; Flame Retardants; Phosphates
PubMed: 36739853
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107793 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Nov 2023Evidence of the negative impacts of contemporary use insecticides on sperm concentration has increased over the last few decades; however, meta-analyses on this topic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Evidence of the negative impacts of contemporary use insecticides on sperm concentration has increased over the last few decades; however, meta-analyses on this topic are rare.
OBJECTIVES
This investigation assessed the qualitative and quantitative strength of epidemiological evidence regarding adult exposure to two classes of contemporary use insecticides-organophosphates (OPs) and -methyl carbamates (NMCs)-and sperm concentration using robust and reproducible systematic review and meta-analysis methods.
METHODS
Three scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science), two U.S. government databases (NIOSHTIC-2 and Science.gov), and five nongovernmental organization websites were searched for relevant primary epidemiological studies published in any language through 11 August 2022. Risk of bias and strength of evidence were evaluated according to Navigation Guide systematic review methodology. Bias-adjusted standardized mean difference effect sizes were calculated and pooled using a three-level, multivariate random-effect meta-analysis model with cluster-robust variance estimation.
RESULTS
Across 20 studies, 21 study populations, 42 effect sizes, and 1,774 adult men, the pooled bias-adjusted standardized mean difference in sperm concentration between adult men more- and less-exposed to OP and NMC insecticides was (95% CI: , ; ). Sensitivity and subgroup analyses explored statistical heterogeneity and validated the model robustness. Although the pooled effect estimate was modified by risk of bias, insecticide class, exposure setting, and recruitment setting, it remained negative in direction across all meta-analyses. The body of evidence was rated to be of moderate quality, with sufficient evidence of an association between higher adult OP and NMC insecticide exposure and lower sperm concentration.
DISCUSSION
This comprehensive investigation found sufficient evidence of an association between higher OP and NMC insecticide exposure and lower sperm concentration in adults. Although additional cohort studies can be beneficial to fill data gaps, the strength of evidence warrants reducing exposure to OP and NMC insecticides now to prevent continued male reproductive harm. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12678.
Topics: Humans; Male; Adult; Insecticides; Organophosphates; Semen; Carbamates; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 37966213
DOI: 10.1289/EHP12678 -
Analytical Methods : Advancing Methods... Jan 2022In agriculture, a wide range of OPPs has been employed to boost crop yield, quality, and storage life. However, due to the ever-increasing population and rapid... (Review)
Review
In agriculture, a wide range of OPPs has been employed to boost crop yield, quality, and storage life. However, due to the ever-increasing population and rapid urbanization, pesticide use has surged in recent years. These compounds are exceedingly poisonous to humans, and despite the fact that specific legislation prohibits their use, the frequency of toxic and/or fatal incidents, as well as current statistics, suggest that they are currently accessible. As a result, determining the exposure to these substances as well as their detection (and that of their metabolites) in different types of exposed samples has become a hot issue in terms of quality and safety concerns. However, developing tools for the evaluation of these substances is a critical challenge for laboratories. Various chromatographic-based methods reported in the period of 2015-2020 have been developed, which are summarized and critically reviewed in this article, including the extraction of the target OPPs from different kinds of matrices. A comparison among the extraction and analysis techniques has been made in the current review article.
Topics: Agriculture; Humans; Insecticides; Organophosphates; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides
PubMed: 34994766
DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01404h -
Neurobiology of Disease Oct 2023Acute organophosphate (OP) intoxication can trigger seizures that progress to status epilepticus (SE), and survivors often develop chronic morbidities, including...
Acute organophosphate (OP) intoxication can trigger seizures that progress to status epilepticus (SE), and survivors often develop chronic morbidities, including spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). The pathogenic mechanisms underlying OP-induced SRS are unknown, but increased BBB permeability is hypothesized to be involved. Previous studies reported BBB leakage following OP-induced SE, but key information regarding time and regional distribution of BBB impairment during the epileptogenic period is missing. To address this data gap, we characterized the spatiotemporal progression of BBB impairment during the first week post-exposure in a rat model of diisopropylfluorophosphate-induced SE, using MRI and albumin immunohistochemistry. Increased BBB permeability, which was detected at 6 h and persisted up to 7 d post-exposure, was most severe and persistent in the piriform cortex and amygdala, moderate but persistent in the thalamus, and less severe and transient in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex. The extent of BBB leakage was positively correlated with behavioral seizure severity, with the strongest association identified in the piriform cortex and amygdala. These findings provide evidence of the duration, magnitude and spatial breakdown of the BBB during the epileptogenic period following OP-induced SE and support BBB regulation as a viable therapeutic target for preventing SRS following acute OP intoxication.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Organophosphates; Status Epilepticus; Seizures; Brain
PubMed: 37797902
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106316 -
Paediatric Drugs Oct 2019Triclofos sodium (TFS) has been used for many years in children as a sedative for painless medical procedures. It is physiologically and pharmacologically similar to... (Review)
Review
AIM
Triclofos sodium (TFS) has been used for many years in children as a sedative for painless medical procedures. It is physiologically and pharmacologically similar to chloral hydrate, which has been censured for use in children with neurocognitive disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of TFS sedation in a pediatric population with a high rate of neurocognitive disability.
METHODS
The database of the neurodiagnostic institute of a tertiary academic pediatric medical center was retrospectively reviewed for all children who underwent sedation with TFS in 2014. Data were collected on demographics, comorbidities, neurologic symptoms, sedation-related variables, and outcome.
RESULTS
The study population consisted of 869 children (58.2% male) of median age 25 months (range 5-200 months); 364 (41.2%) had neurocognitive diagnoses, mainly seizures/epilepsy, hypotonia, or developmental delay. TFS was used for routine electroencephalography in 486 (53.8%) patients and audiometry in 401 (46.2%). Mean (± SD) dose of TFS was 50.2 ± 4.9 mg/kg. Median time to sedation was 45 min (range 5-245), and median duration of sedation was 35 min (range 5-190). Adequate sedation depth was achieved in 769 cases (88.5%). Rates of sedation-related adverse events were low: apnea, 0; desaturation ≤ 90%, 0.2% (two patients); and emesis, 0.35% (three patients). None of the children had hemodynamic instability or signs of poor perfusion. There was no association between desaturations and the presence of hypotonia or developmental delay.
CONCLUSION
TFS, when administered in a controlled and monitored environment, may be safe for use in children, including those with underlying neurocognitive disorders.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; Male; Nervous System Diseases; Organophosphates
PubMed: 31292919
DOI: 10.1007/s40272-019-00346-6 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Apr 2023Whether exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) is associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease...
Whether exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) is associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. A healthy diet is crucial to metabolic health and dietary intake is also an important route for OPEs exposure. However, the joint associations of OPEs, diet quality, and the effect modification by diet quality remain unknown. This study comprised 2618 adults with complete data on 6 urinary OPEs metabolites, 24 h dietary recalls, and definitions of NAFLD and MAFLD from the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles. Multivariable binary logistic regression was applied to assess the associations of OPEs metabolites with NAFLD, MAFLD, and components of MAFLD. We also adopted the quantile g-Computation method to examine the associations of OPEs metabolites mixture. Our results revealed that OPEs metabolites mixture and three individual metabolites [i.e., bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, and diphenyl phosphate] were significantly and positively associated with NAFLD and MAFLD (P-trend<0.001), with BDCIPP being identified as the dominant metabolite, whereas the 4 diet quality scores were monotonically and inversely associated with both MAFLD and NAFLD (P-trend<0.001). Of note, 4 diet quality scores were by and large negatively associated with BDCIPP, but not with other OPEs metabolites. Joint association analyses revealed that individuals with higher diet quality and lower BDCIPP concentration tend to have lower odds of having MAFLD and NAFLD in comparison with people in the low diet quality and high BDCIPP group, but the associations of BDCIPP were not modified by diet quality. Our findings suggest that certain OPEs metabolites and diet quality exhibited opposing associations with both MAFLD and NAFLD. Individuals adherent to a healthier diet may have a lower level of certain OPEs metabolites, and thus could have lower odds of having NAFLD and MAFLD.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Nutrition Surveys; Esters; Organophosphates; Diet; Phosphates
PubMed: 36889207
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114720 -
Environmental Research Sep 2022Organophosphate esters (OPE) are flame retardants and plasticizers used in a wide range of consumer products. Despite their widespread use, few studies have...
Organophosphate esters (OPE) are flame retardants and plasticizers used in a wide range of consumer products. Despite their widespread use, few studies have characterized pediatric exposures. We assessed variability and predictors of OPE exposures in a cohort panel study of 179 predominantly Black school-aged children with asthma in Baltimore City, MD. The study design included up to four seasonal week-long in-home study visits with urine sample collection on days 4 and 7 of each visit (n = 618). We quantified concentrations of 9 urinary OPE biomarkers: bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEtp), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), di-benzyl phosphate (DBuP), di-benzyl phosphate, di-o-cresylphosphate, di-p-cresylphosphate (DPCP), di-(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo benzoic acid. We assessed potential predictors of exposure, including demographic factors, household characteristics, and cleaning behaviors. We calculated Spearman/tetrachoric correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) to examine within-week and seasonal intra-individual variability, respectively. We assessed OPE predictors using linear models for continuous log concentrations (BDCPP and DPHP) and logistic models for odds of detection (BCEtP, DBuP, DPCP), with generalized estimating equations to account for repeated measures. For all OPEs, we observed moderate within-week correlations (r: 0.31-0.63) and weak to moderate seasonal reliability (ICC: 0.18-0.38). BDCPP and DPHP concentrations were higher in the summer compared to other seasons. DPHP concentrations were lower among males than females (%: -53.5%; 95% CI: -62.7, -42.0) and among participants spending >12 h/day indoors compared to ≤12 h (%: -20.7%; 95% CI: -32.2, -7.3). BDCPP concentrations were lower among children aged 8-10 years compared to 5-7 years (%: -39.1%; 95% CI: -55.9, -15.9) and higher among children riding in a vehicle on the day of sample collection compared to those who had not (%: 28.5%; 95% CI: 3.4, 59.8). This study is the first to characterize within-week and seasonal variability and identify predictors of OPE biomarkers among Black school-aged children, a historically understudied population.
Topics: Biomarkers; Child; Esters; Female; Flame Retardants; Humans; Male; Organophosphates; Phosphates; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 35346652
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113192 -
Neurotoxicity Research Oct 2022A significant body of literature emphasizes the role of insecticide, particularly organophosphates (OPs), as the major environmental factor in the etiology of... (Review)
Review
A significant body of literature emphasizes the role of insecticide, particularly organophosphates (OPs), as the major environmental factor in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to study the relationship between OP insecticide exposure, cognitive impairment, and neurodegenerative disease development. Human populations, especially in developing countries, are frequently exposed to OPs due to their extensive applications. The involvement of various signaling pathways in OP neurotoxicity are reported, but the OP-induced cognitive impairment and link between OP exposure and the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases are not clearly understood. In the present review, we have therefore aimed to come to new conclusions which may help to find protective and preventive strategies against OP neurotoxicity and may establish a possible link between organophosphate exposure, cognitive impairment, and OP-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, we discuss the findings obtained from animal and human research providing some support for OP-induced cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative disorders.
Topics: Animals; Cognitive Dysfunction; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Insecticides; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Organophosphates; Organophosphorus Compounds
PubMed: 36066747
DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00552-0 -
Environmental Science & Technology Jan 2021Eleven organophosphate esters (OPEs) were detected in surface water and sediment samples from yearly sampling (2013-2018) in the Canadian Arctic. In water samples,...
Eleven organophosphate esters (OPEs) were detected in surface water and sediment samples from yearly sampling (2013-2018) in the Canadian Arctic. In water samples, ∑chlorinated-OPEs (Cl-OPEs) concentrations exceeded ∑non-chlorinated-OPEs (non-Cl-OPEs) with median concentrations of 10 ng L and 1.3 ng L, respectively. In sediment samples, ∑Cl-OPEs and ∑nonchlorinated-OPEs had median concentrations of 4.5 and 2.5 ng g, respectively. High concentrations of OPEs in samples from the Mackenzie River plume suggest riverine discharge as an OPE source to the Canadian Arctic. The prevalence of OPEs at other sites is consistent with long-range transport. The OPE inventory of the Canadian Arctic Ocean representative of years 2013-2018 was estimated at 450-16,000 tonnes with a median ∑OPE mass of 4100 tonnes with >99% of the OPE inventory estimated to be in the water column. These results highlight the importance of OPEs as water-based Arctic contaminants subject to long-range transport and local sources. The high OPE inventory in the water column of the Canadian Arctic Ocean points to the need for international regulatory mechanisms for persistent and mobile organic contaminants (PMOCs) that are not covered by the risk assessment criteria of the Stockholm Convention.
Topics: Arctic Regions; Canada; China; Environmental Monitoring; Esters; Flame Retardants; Oceans and Seas; Organophosphates
PubMed: 33305563
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04422 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Feb 2023Research on the environmental occurrence and behavior of organophosphate esters (OPEs) is very imperative. In this study, 12 targeted OPEs in the water and sediment...
Occurrence, spatiotemporal variation, and ecological risks of organophosphate esters in the water and sediment of the middle and lower streams of the Yellow River and its important tributaries.
Research on the environmental occurrence and behavior of organophosphate esters (OPEs) is very imperative. In this study, 12 targeted OPEs in the water and sediment samples collected from the middle and lower streams of the Yellow River (YR) and its tributaries during the dry, normal, and wet season were analyzed, to reveal their concentration, spatiotemporal variations, and ecological risks. The results indicated that the total concentration of OPEs (ΣOPE) ranged from 97.66 to 2433.30 ng/L in water, and from 47.33 to 234.08 ng/g in sediment. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP), and triethyl phosphate (TEP) were the most abundant OPEs in the surface water and sediment. The OPEs levels in river water were ranked as the order of dry > normal > wet season. The ΣOPE concentrations in water and sediment were relatively high in the central and lower sections of the YR. The resorcinol-bis(diphenyl)phosphate (RDP) effectively transferred from the overlying water to the sediment. TCEP and RDP posed relatively higher ecological risk than other OPEs. Municipal and chemical industrial discharge might be sources of OPEs in the middle and lower streams of the YR.
Topics: Flame Retardants; Environmental Monitoring; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Esters; Organophosphates; Phosphates; China
PubMed: 36244105
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130153