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Mikrochimica Acta Jan 2020This review (with 99 refs.) summarizes the progress that has been made in colorimetric (i.e. spectrophotometric) determination of organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) using... (Review)
Review
This review (with 99 refs.) summarizes the progress that has been made in colorimetric (i.e. spectrophotometric) determination of organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) using gold and silver nanoparticles (NPs). Following an introduction into the field, a first large section covers the types and functions of organophosphate pesticides. Methods for colorimetric (spectrophotometric) measurements including RGB techniques are discussed next. A further section covers the characteristic features of gold and silver-based NPs. Syntheses and modifications of metal NPs are covered in section 5. This is followed by overviews on enzyme inhibition-based assays, aptamer-based assays and chemical (non-enzymatic) assays, and a discussion of specific features of colorimetric assays. Several Tables are presented that give an overview on the wealth of methods and materials. A concluding section addresses current challenges and discusses potential future trends and opportunities. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of organophosphate pesticide determinations based on aggregation of nanoparticles (particular silver or gold nanoparticles). This leads to a color change which can be determined visually and monitored by a red shift in the absorption spectrum.
Topics: Animals; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Biosensing Techniques; Colorimetry; Food Contamination; Gold; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Organophosphates; Pesticides; Silver; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 31940088
DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3893-8 -
Chemosphere Jan 2021Organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) are used to prevent ignition and spreading of fire. They are present in various human matrices suggesting adult, fetal,...
Organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) are used to prevent ignition and spreading of fire. They are present in various human matrices suggesting adult, fetal, and neonate exposure. Endocrine related effects have been observed in vivo, but information at the molecular level is lacking for some OPFRs. Also, a better understanding of potential contribution from chemical substructures is needed. The aim of this study was to screen OPFRs for endocrine disruptive potential in vitro and in silico. We selected eleven substances to represent some OPFRs with 1) little information on endocrine activity and others to represent 2) varied chemical substructures. We used in vitro assays for androgen receptor (AR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and Nrf2 activity, effects on steroidogenesis, and transthyretin (TTR) binding, as well as in silico models covering estrogen, thyroid, and CYP3A4 induction related endpoints. Ten OPFRs affected AR and AhR activity, seven affected TTR binding, and five affected 17β-estradiol levels. Several substances had IC-values below 10 μM and exhibited efficacious effects. These included TPHP, CDP, TMPP, TIPPP, and EHDPP for AR antagonism, suggesting that the degree of arylation and the size of the substance can play a role for the activity. Chlorinated OPFRs had low/no effect on TTR binding. No clear trend was observed for AhR and steroidogenesis, but all arylated OPFRs were predicted to have alert for estrogen receptor binding in an in silico model with metabolism simulator included. Collectively, our data suggest that OPFRs have endocrine disruptive potential warranting further studies to enable human risk assessment.
Topics: Adult; Computer Simulation; Esters; Estrogens; Flame Retardants; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Organophosphates
PubMed: 32854002
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127703 -
Journal of Environmental Sciences... Mar 2024Lipid metabolism play an essential role in occurrence and development of asthma, and it can be disturbed by phthalate esters (PAEs) and organophosphate flame retardants...
Lipid metabolism play an essential role in occurrence and development of asthma, and it can be disturbed by phthalate esters (PAEs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). As a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease, the occurrence risk of childhood asthma is increased by PAEs and OPFRs exposure, but it remains not entirely clear how PAEs and OPFRs contribute the onset and progress of the disease. We have profiled the serum levels of PAEs and OPFRs congeners by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and its relationships with the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in asthmatic, bronchitic (acute inflammation) and healthy (non-inflammation) children. Eight PAEs and nine OPFRs congeners were found in the serum of children (1 - 5 years old) from Shenzhen, and their total median levels were 615.16 ng/mL and 17.06 ng/mL, respectively. Moreover, the serum levels of mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), tri-propyl phosphate (TPP) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP) were significant higher in asthmatic children than in healthy and bronchitic children as control. Thirty-one characteristic lipids and fatty acids of asthma were screened by machine-learning random forest model based on serum lipidome data, and the alterations of inflammatory characteristic lipids and fatty acids including palmitic acids, 12,13-DiHODE, 14,21-DiHDHA, prostaglandin D2 and LysoPA(18:2) showed significant correlated with high serum levels of MMP, TPP and TNBP. These results imply PAEs and OPFRs promote the occurrence of childhood asthma via disrupting inflammatory lipid and fatty acid metabolism, and provide a novel sight for better understanding the effects of plastic additives on childhood asthma.
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Child, Preschool; Fatty Acids; Organophosphates; Asthma; Flame Retardants
PubMed: 37980005
DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.005 -
The Science of the Total Environment Dec 2022Data-driven analysis and pathway-based approaches contribute to reasonable arrangements of limited resources and laboratory tests for continuously emerging commercial...
Data-driven analysis and pathway-based approaches contribute to reasonable arrangements of limited resources and laboratory tests for continuously emerging commercial chemicals, which provides opportunities to save time and effort for toxicity research. With the widespread usage of organophosphate esters (OPEs) on a global scale, the concentrations generally reached up to micromolar range in environmental media and even in organisms. However, potential adverse effects and toxicity pathways of OPEs have not been systematically assessed. Therefore, it is necessary to review the current situation, formulate the future research priorities, and characterize toxicity mechanisms via data-driven analysis. Results showed that the early toxicity studies focused on neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and metabolic disorders. Then the main focus shifted to the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, endocrine disruption, hepatocytes, reproductive and developmental toxicity to vulnerable sub-populations, such as infants and embryos, affected by OPEs. In addition, several novel OPEs have been emerging, such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phenyl phosphate (HDEHP) and oxidation derivatives (OPAsO) generated from organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs), leading to multiple potential ecological and human health risks (neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, etc.). Notably, in-depth statistical analysis was promising in encapsulating toxicological information to develop adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) frameworks. Subsequently, network-centric analysis and quantitative weight-of-evidence (QWOE) approaches were utilized to construct and evaluate the putative AOPs frameworks of OPEs, showing the moderate confidences of the developed AOPs. In addition, frameworks demonstrated that several events, such as nuclear receptor activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, were involved in multiple different adverse outcome (AO), and these AOs had certain degree of connectivity. This study brought new insights into facilitating the complement of AOP efficiently, as well as establishing toxicity pathways framework to inform risk assessment of emerging OPEs.
Topics: Adverse Outcome Pathways; China; Environmental Monitoring; Esters; Flame Retardants; Humans; Infant; Organophosphates; Phosphates; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 35985583
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158093 -
The Science of the Total Environment Feb 2022Exploration of multiple sources of brominated (BFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) for children promotes the understanding of exposure pathways and health...
Exploration of multiple sources of brominated (BFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) for children promotes the understanding of exposure pathways and health risk. 10 BFRs and 9 OPFRs were measured in skin wipes from hands, forehead, and arms of 30 children, and surface wipe samples from sills, toys, desks and floors, and indoor air samples of kindergartens from Xinxiang, China. Higher ∑OPFRs concentrations were observed in the forehead (1840 ng/m), followed by hand (1420 ng/m) and arm wipes (1130 ng/m), and the ∑BFRs concentrations in forehead, hand and arm wipes were 116, 315 and 165 ng/m, respectively. The total concentration of OPFRs and BFRs in floor wipes (66.1 and 24.5 ng/m) were lower than those in toy (205 and 535 ng/m), sill (227 and 30.1 ng/m) and desk (84.4 and 139 ng/m) wipes. Concentrations of FRs in forehead wipes were significantly correlated with those in gaseous air (p < 0.05), moderate correlations were found between the hand wipes and surface wipes (p = 0.054). We estimated the daily average dosages (DADs) of children exposure to FRs via multiple pathways. Compared to DADs via inhalation and hand-to-mouth transfer, dermal exposure was determined to be the predominant exposure pathway to ∑OPFRs and ∑BFRs.
Topics: Air Pollution, Indoor; Child; Dust; Environmental Exposure; Flame Retardants; Floors and Floorcoverings; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; Hand; Humans; Organophosphates
PubMed: 34856272
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152004 -
European Review For Medical and... Jan 2022The organophosphate compounds chlorpyrifos (O, O-diethyl O-[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl] phosphorothioate, CPF) and phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP) have been widely...
OBJECTIVE
The organophosphate compounds chlorpyrifos (O, O-diethyl O-[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl] phosphorothioate, CPF) and phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP) have been widely implicated in developmental neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Transglutaminase (TG)2 is a calcium ion (Ca2+)-dependent enzyme with an important role in neuronal cell outgrowth and differentiation and in neurotoxin activity and is modulated by organophosphates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We studied TG2 activity modulation by CPO and PSP during differentiation in C6 glioma cells. We studied the effects of CPO or PSP treatment with or without the TG2 inhibitor Z-DON and identified potential TG2 protein substrates via mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
PSP and CPO did not affect cell viability but affected TG2 activity in differentiating cells. Our results indicate that the organophosphate-induced amine incorporation activity of TG2 may have a direct effect on neuronal outgrowth, differentiation, and cell survival by modifying several essential microtubule proteins, including tubulin. Inhibiting TG2 reduced neurite length but not cell survival.
CONCLUSIONS
TG2 inhibitors can protect against organophosphate-induced neuropathy and could be used for developing novel therapeutic strategies for treating brain cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; GTP-Binding Proteins; Organophosphates; Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; Rats; Transglutaminases
PubMed: 35049033
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202201_27766 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023The relationship between exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) and the risk of developing overactive bladder (OAB) is uncertain. The purpose of this study is to...
BACKGROUND
The relationship between exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) and the risk of developing overactive bladder (OAB) is uncertain. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential link between urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters and OAB.
METHOD
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database of the 2011-2016 cycles were utilized. Four urinary metabolites of organophosphate esters: diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCPP), bis (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), and dibutyl phosphate (DBUP) were included in the study. Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) were used to evaluate the relationship between urinary OPEs metabolites and OAB. Interaction analysis was conducted on subgroups to confirm the findings.
RESULTS
A total of 3,443 United States (US) adults aged 20 years or older were included in the study, of whom 597 participants were considered to have OAB. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, we found a positive association between DPHP and the risk of overactive bladder. The risk of overactive bladder increased with increasing DPHP concentrations compared with quartile 1 (quartile 2, OR = 1.19, 95% CI, 0.82-1.73, = 0.34; quartile 3, OR = 1.67, 95% CI, 1.10-2.53, = 0.02; Q4, OR = 1.75, 95% CI, 1.26-2.43, = 0.002). However, after dividing the participants by gender, only the female group retained consistent results. Additionally, restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a nonlinear dose-response correlation between DPHP and OAB in female participants. In the subgroup analysis based on age, race, body mass index (BMI), recreational activity, smoking status, drinking status, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke, the interaction analysis revealed that the findings were uniform.
CONCLUSION
Our findings indicate that exposure to DPHP could elevate the risk of OAB in US adult females. Further experimental studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanism in the future.
Topics: Humans; Adult; United States; Female; Cross-Sectional Studies; Nutrition Surveys; Urinary Bladder, Overactive; Organophosphates; Phosphates
PubMed: 38026372
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1186848 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2022Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. Pesticide use data are available for California from the Pesticide Use Report...
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. Pesticide use data are available for California from the Pesticide Use Report (PUR), but household- and individual-level exposure factors have not been fully characterized to support its refinement as an exposure assessment tool. Unique exposure pathways, such as proximity to agricultural operations and direct occupational contact, further complicate pesticide exposure assessment among agricultural communities. We sought to identify influencing factors of pesticide exposure to support future exposure assessment and epidemiological studies. Household dust samples were collected from 28 homes in four California agricultural communities during January and June 2019 and were analyzed for the presence of OPs. Factors influencing household OPs were identified by a data-driven model via best subsets regression. Key factors that impacted dust OP levels included household cooling strategies, secondary occupational exposure to pesticides, and geographic location by community. Although PUR data demonstrate seasonal trends in pesticide application, this study did not identify season as an important factor, suggesting OP persistence in the home. These results will help refine pesticide exposure assessment for future studies and highlight important gaps in the literature, such as our understanding of pesticide degradation in an indoor environment.
Topics: Agriculture; Dust; Environmental Exposure; Housing; Humans; Organophosphates; Pesticides
PubMed: 35055689
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020862 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Oct 2019Insecticides allow control of agricultural pests and disease vectors and are vital for global food security and health. The evolution of resistance to insecticides, such...
Insecticides allow control of agricultural pests and disease vectors and are vital for global food security and health. The evolution of resistance to insecticides, such as organophosphates (OPs), is a serious and growing concern. OP resistance often involves sequestration or hydrolysis of OPs by carboxylesterases. Inhibiting carboxylesterases could, therefore, restore the effectiveness of OPs for which resistance has evolved. Here, we use covalent virtual screening to produce nano-/picomolar boronic acid inhibitors of the carboxylesterase αE7 from the agricultural pest as well as a common Gly137Asp αE7 mutant that confers OP resistance. These inhibitors, with high selectivity against human acetylcholinesterase and low to no toxicity in human cells and in mice, act synergistically with the OPs diazinon and malathion to reduce the amount of OP required to kill by up to 16-fold and abolish resistance. The compounds exhibit broad utility in significantly potentiating another OP, chlorpyrifos, against the common pest, the peach-potato aphid (). These compounds represent a solution to OP resistance as well as to environmental concerns regarding overuse of OPs, allowing significant reduction of use without compromising efficacy.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Aphids; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Cell Line; Diazinon; Female; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Malathion; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Organophosphates
PubMed: 31575743
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909130116 -
Journal of Exposure Science &... Mar 2024Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitously detected in environments and their exposure may affect respiratory health. However, epidemiological evidence, particularly...
BACKGROUND
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitously detected in environments and their exposure may affect respiratory health. However, epidemiological evidence, particularly among adolescents, is very limited.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to investigate the associations of urinary OPEs metabolites with asthma and lung function among adolescents and to identify potential effect modifiers.
METHODS
Included were 715 adolescents aged 12-19 years old participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014. Multivariable binary logistic regression and linear regression were used to assess associations with asthma and lung function, respectively. Stratified analyses were conducted to assess the effect modifications of serum sex hormones, vitamin D levels, and body mass index (BMI).
RESULTS
After multivariable adjustment, we found that bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) (3rd tertile [T3] vs 1st tertile [T1], OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.08, 3.25; P-trend=0.029) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) (T3 vs T1, OR = 2.52, 95%CI: 1.25, 5.04; P-trend=0.013) were associated with elevated odds of asthma in all adolescents. Sex-stratified analyses revealed that associations of these two OPEs metabolites tended to be stronger in males. Meanwhile, BCEP and the molecular sum of OPEs metabolites (∑OPEs) were significantly associated with declined lung function, either in all adolescents or by sex. Furthermore, stratified analyses revealed that positive associations of OPEs metabolites with asthma tended to be stronger among adolescents with insufficient levels of Vitamin D (VD < 50 nmol/L), relatively high levels of total testosterone (≥356 ng/dL and ≥22.5 ng/dL for males and females, respectively), or low levels of estradiol (<19.1 pg/mL and <47.3 pg/mL for males and females, respectively).
SIGNIFICANCE
Certain urinary OPEs metabolites, especially DPHP and BCEP, were associated with elevated odds of asthma and declined lung function in adolescents. Such associations might be partly modified by levels of VD and sex steroid hormones.
IMPACT STATEMENT
The observed associations of urinary OPEs metabolites with increased risk of asthma and declined lung function highlight the potential hazard of OPEs exposure to respiratory health among adolescents.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Asthma; Male; Female; Organophosphates; Child; Young Adult; Nutrition Surveys; Esters; Environmental Exposure; Lung; Respiratory Function Tests; Cross-Sectional Studies; Body Mass Index; Environmental Pollutants
PubMed: 37019982
DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00540-2