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The Science of the Total Environment Oct 2023This study analysed settled dust samples in Sweden to assess children's combined exposure to 39 organohalogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and 11 organophosphate esters...
This study analysed settled dust samples in Sweden to assess children's combined exposure to 39 organohalogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and 11 organophosphate esters (OPEs) from homes and preschools. >94 % of the targeted compounds were present in dust, indicating widespread use of HFRs and OPEs in Swedish homes and preschools. Dust ingestion was the primary exposure pathway for most analytes, except BDE-209 and DBDPE, where dermal contact was predominant. Children's estimated intakes of ∑ HFRs and ∑ HFRs from homes were 1-4 times higher than from preschools, highlighting higher exposure risk for HFRs in homes compared to preschools. In a worst-case scenario, intakes of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were 6 and 94 times lower than the reference dose for children in Sweden, indicating a potential concern if exposure from other routes like inhalation and diet is as high. The study also found significant positive correlations between dust concentrations of some PBDEs and emerging HFRs and the total number of foam mattresses and beds/m, the number of foam-containing sofas/m, and the number of TVs/m in the microenvironment, indicating these products as the main source of those compounds. Additionally, younger preschool building ages were found to be linked to higher ΣOPE concentrations in preschool dust, suggesting higher ΣOPE exposure. The comparison with earlier Swedish studies indicates decreasing dust concentrations for some banned and restricted legacy HFRs and OPEs but increasing trends for several emerging HFRs and several unrestricted OPEs. Therefore, the study concludes that emerging HFRs and OPEs are replacing legacy HFRs in products and building materials in homes and preschools, possibly leading to increased exposure of children.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Monitoring; Flame Retardants; Sweden; Dust; Air Pollution, Indoor; Organophosphates; Esters
PubMed: 37391153
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165198 -
The Science of the Total Environment Nov 2021Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), as a substitute for brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are widely used in industrial production and life. The presence of... (Review)
Review
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), as a substitute for brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are widely used in industrial production and life. The presence of OPFRs in the environment has an adverse effect on the ecological environment system. This review provides comprehensive data for the occurrence of OPFRs and their diester metabolites (OP diesters) in wastewater treatment plants, surface water, drinking water, sediment, soil, air and dust in the environment. In particular, the accumulation and metabolism of OPFRs in organisms and the types of metabolites and metabolic pathways are discussed for animals and plants. In addition, the toxicity of OP triesters and OP diesters in organisms is discussed. Although research on OPFRs has gradually increased in recent years, there are still many gaps to be filled, especially for metabolic and toxicity mechanisms that need in-depth study. This review also highlights the shortcomings of current research and provides suggestions for a basis for future research on OPFRs.
Topics: Animals; Dust; Environment; Flame Retardants; Organophosphates; Water
PubMed: 34246143
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148837 -
Environmental Research Jan 2022It has been estimated that over 28 million tonnes of plastics end up in water bodies annually. These plastics degrade into microplastics (MPs), which along with... (Review)
Review
It has been estimated that over 28 million tonnes of plastics end up in water bodies annually. These plastics degrade into microplastics (MPs), which along with microbeads and MPs from other sources such as wastewater treatment plants continue to threaten the aquatic system. At such small sizes, and corresponding larger surface areas per unit mass/volume, MPs exhibit enhanced capacity for absorbing and desorbing toxic chemicals/additives. Therefore, MPs can serve as vectors through which additives as well as other persistent, bio-accumulative, and toxic chemicals can enter the food chain. Additives are a significant component of most plastic products with some identified as hazardous to health and the environment. One group of additives that has continued to attract interest is organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are used both as flame retardants and plasticizers. Some of these OPEs are suspected carcinogens and endocrine disruptors and have been reported to exert serious toxic effects on freshwater biota. Separate studies on the presence and fate in the freshwater environment of these additives and MPs have emerged recently. However, no studies exist that examine the extent to which plastics additives such as OPEs in sediments are sorbed to MPs as opposed to the sediment itself. This has potentially important implications for the bioavailability of such additives and studies to examine this are recommended. This paper reviews critically the current state-of-knowledge on MPs in freshwater sediments, methods for their analysis, as well as their occurrence, temporal trends, and risks to the freshwater aquatic environment. Moreover, to facilitate the study of additives associated with MPs that have been extracted from sediments, we consider the possible effect of MP isolation methods on the determination of concentrations of associated additives like OPEs.
Topics: Environmental Monitoring; Esters; Fresh Water; Microplastics; Organophosphates; Plastics; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 34358506
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111830 -
Environmental Research Mar 2022Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used around the world as flame retardants and plasticizers with a growing production in the last 15 years due to the phase-out... (Review)
Review
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used around the world as flame retardants and plasticizers with a growing production in the last 15 years due to the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Multiple papers reported the occurrences of OPEs in various environmental matrices and elevated concentrations of OPEs (0.1-10,000 ng/g dry weight) were documented in different types of soils which were regarded as both the "sink" and "source" of OPEs. In this study, the source, transfer, and transformation mechanisms of OPEs are systematically reviewed from the perspective of the soil environment. The wet/dry deposition, air-soil exchange, sewage irrigation, sludge application, and indirect oxidization of organophosphate antioxidants are the possible sources of OPEs in soil. Meanwhile, the OPEs in the soil environment may also migrate into other environmental media via plant uptake, air-soil exchange, desorption, and infiltration to cause relevant ecological risk, which depends much on the chemical properties of these compounds. The trimethylphenyl phosphate (TMPP) (mixture of isomers) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), which have strong hydrophobicity, pose a higher ecological risk for the soil environment than other OPEs. Further, the hydrolysis, indirect photolysis, and biodegradation of OPEs in the soil environment may be affected by the soil pH, organic acid, dissolved metals and metal oxides, active oxygen species, and microorganisms significantly. Besides that, the human exposure risks of OPEs from the soil are limited compared to those via indoor dust and food ingestion pathways. Finally, this study identifies the knowledge gaps and generated the future perspectives of the OPEs in soil.
Topics: China; Environmental Monitoring; Esters; Flame Retardants; Humans; Organophosphates; Soil
PubMed: 34563524
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112122 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Dec 2023Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been shown to be carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and endocrine disruptive, so it is important to understand the levels of OPFRs...
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been shown to be carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and endocrine disruptive, so it is important to understand the levels of OPFRs in human body as well as the modes of external exposure. In this study, we investigated the levels of 13 OPFRs and 7 phosphodiester metabolites in paired human blood and urine, as well as the influencing factors (region, age and gender), and studied the relationship between OPFRs and oxidative stress by urinary metabolites. We found that the concentrations of triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) in the blood of urban populations were higher than those of rural populations, and that younger populations suffered higher TPhP and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) exposures than older populations. In addition, we found that tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tributyl phosphate (TnBP), TPhP and EHDPP exposure induced oxidative stress. The results of the internal load principal component analysis indicated that dust ingestion, skin exposure, respiration and dietary intake may be the most important sources of TCEP, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and TEHP, respectively, and dust ingestion and skin exposure may be the main sources of TPhP for humans.
Topics: Humans; Flame Retardants; Organophosphorus Compounds; Organophosphates; Dust; Phosphates
PubMed: 37979363
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115696 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Jun 2022Organophosphates (OPEs) are manmade organic pollutants that are widely used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and antifoaming and hydraulic agents. In this study, seven...
Organophosphates (OPEs) are manmade organic pollutants that are widely used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and antifoaming and hydraulic agents. In this study, seven OPEs in seawater and sediment from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were determined to study the distribution and diffusion behavior, and to evaluate the environmental risks. The ΣOPEs in the seawater and sediments ranged from below the method detection limit (
1.0, indicating high ecological risks to aquatic organisms. Topics: China; Environmental Monitoring; Esters; Flame Retardants; Oceans and Seas; Organophosphates; Seawater
PubMed: 35192883
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119017 -
The Science of the Total Environment Nov 2022With the strict regulation of brominated flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been extensively used as replacements. Increasing concerns on OPEs have... (Review)
Review
With the strict regulation of brominated flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been extensively used as replacements. Increasing concerns on OPEs have aroused due to their extensive distribution in the environment and humans, as well as their potential toxicities. Recent studies have demonstrated that some organophosphate di-esters are even more toxic than their respective tri-esters. This review summarized the current state of knowledge on the analytical methodologies (including sample collection and preparation, instrumental analysis, and the feasibility of each potential human matrix), as well as the occurrences of OPEs and/or their metabolites (m-OPEs) in various human matrices. Organophosphate esters are readily metabolized in human thus only limited studies reported their occurrences in blood and breast milk, whereas abundant studies are available regarding the occurrences of m-OPEs rather than OPEs in urine. Since none of the matrix is suitable all the time, appropriate matrix should be selected depending on the aims of biomonitoring studies, e.g., high throughput screening or body burden estimation. Biomonitoring with non-invasive matrices such as hair and/or nail is useful to screen specific populations that might be under high exposure risks while urine is more suitable to provide valuable information on body burden. In terms of urinary monitoring, specific biomarkers have been identified for some OPE compounds, including tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tri(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Further studies are required to identify suitable urinary biomarkers for other OPE compounds, especially the emerging ones.
Topics: Alkynes; Biological Monitoring; Biomarkers; Female; Flame Retardants; Humans; Organophosphates; Phosphates
PubMed: 35926632
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157669 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... Jun 2023Introduction. Dengue is a public health problem in La Guajira region. Control has focused on the vector using insecticides, including organophosphates. Objective. To...
Introduction. Dengue is a public health problem in La Guajira region. Control has focused on the vector using insecticides, including organophosphates. Objective. To evaluate the state of susceptibility to organophosphates insecticides in fifteen Aedes aegypti (L.) populations in La Guajira, Colombia. Materials and methods. We collected samples of third-instar larvae and adult mosquitoes of Ae. aegypti in the municipalities of Albania, Barrancas, Dibulla, Distracción, El Molino, Fonseca, Hatonuevo, La Jagua del Pilar, Maicao, Manaure, Riohacha, San Juan del Cesar, Uribia, Urumita, Villanueva. Bioassays for temefos, malathion, and pirimiphos-methyl were carried out following the methodology of the World Health Organization, and the bottle technique using the guidance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Susceptibility to temefos was determined through the resistance ratio between lethal concentration 50 and lethal concentration 95; for the compounds temefos, malathion and pirimiphos-methyl, susceptibility was calculated using diagnostic dose and diagnostic time in the populations evaluated. Rockefeller susceptible strain was used as a control. Results: All evaluated populations of Ae. aegypti from La Guajira were found to be susceptible to temefos (ratio resistance to CL50<5.0; ratio resistance to CL95<5.0; 98 - 100 % mortality); pirimiphosmethyl (99 - 100 % mortality), and malathion (100 % mortality). Conclusion. Based on the results, the use of temefos, malathion, and pirimiphosmethyl is feasible for the control of Ae. aegypti in the evaluated populations.
Topics: United States; Animals; Aedes; Organophosphates; Colombia; Temefos; Mosquito Vectors
PubMed: 37433166
DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6677 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Jun 2020Isopropylated and -butylated triarylphosphate esters (ITPs and TBPPs, respectively) are plasticizers and flame retardants that are ubiquitous in indoor environments;...
Isopropylated and -butylated triarylphosphate esters (ITPs and TBPPs, respectively) are plasticizers and flame retardants that are ubiquitous in indoor environments; however, no studies to date have characterized their metabolism. Using human liver subcellular S9 fractions, phase I and II metabolism of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), 4--butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (4tBPDPP), 2-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (2IPPDPP), and 4-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (4IPPDPP) was investigated at 1 and 10 μM doses. Parent depletion and the formation of known or suspected metabolites (e.g., likely hydrolysis or hydroxylated products), including diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), hydroxyl-triphenyl phosphate (OH-TPHP), isopropylphenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), and -butylphenyl phenyl phosphate (tb-PPP), were monitored and quantified via GC/MS or LC-MS/MS. tb-PPP and its conjugates were identified as the major metabolites of 4tBPDPP and accounted for 71% and 49%, respectively, of the parent molecule that was metabolized during the incubation. While the mass balance between parents and metabolites was conserved for TPHP and 4tBPDPP, approximately 20% of the initial parent mass was unaccounted for after quantifying suspected metabolites of 2IPPDPP and 4IPPDPP that had authentic standards available. Two novel ITP metabolites, mono-isopropenylphenyl diphenyl phosphate and hydroxy-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, were tentatively identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and screened for in recently collected human urine where mono-isopropenylphenyl diphenyl phosphate was detected in one of nine samples analyzed. This study provides insight into the biological fate of ITP and TBPP isomers in human tissues and is useful in identifying appropriate biomarkers of exposure to monitor, particularly in support of epidemiological studies.
Topics: Biotransformation; Child; Child, Preschool; Environmental Pollutants; Esters; Flame Retardants; Humans; Liver; Organophosphates; Plasticizers; Subcellular Fractions
PubMed: 32129605
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00002 -
Toxicological Sciences : An Official... May 2021Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are chemicals that may contribute to placenta-mediated complications...
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are chemicals that may contribute to placenta-mediated complications and adverse maternal-fetal health risks. Few studies have investigated these chemicals in relation to biomarkers of effect during pregnancy. We measured 12 PFASs and four urinary OPFR metabolites in 132 healthy pregnant women during mid-gestation and examined a subset with biomarkers of placental development and disease (n = 62). Molecular biomarkers included integrin alpha-1 (ITGA1), vascular endothelial-cadherin (CDH5), and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1). Morphological endpoints included potential indicators of placental stress and the extent of cytotrophoblast (CTB)-mediated uterine artery remodeling. Serum PFASs and urinary OPFR metabolites were detected in ∼50%-100% of samples. The most prevalent PFASs were perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), with geometric mean (GM) levels of ∼1.3-2.8 (95% confidence limits from 1.2-3.1) ng/ml compared to ≤0.5 ng/ml for other PFASs. Diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) were the most prevalent OPFR metabolites, with GMs of 2.9 (95% CI: 2.5-3.4) and 3.6 (95% CI: 2.2-3.1) ng/ml, respectively, compared to <1 ng/ml for bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) and bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP). We found inverse associations of PFASs or OPFRs with ITGA1 or CDH5 immunoreactivity and positive associations with indicators of placental stress in multiple basal plate regions, indicating these chemicals may contribute to abnormal placentation and future health risks. Associations with blood pressure and lipid concentrations warrant further examination. This is the first study of these chemicals with placental biomarkers measured directly in human tissues and suggests specific biomarkers are sensitive indicators of exposure during a vulnerable developmental period.
Topics: Biomarkers; Female; Flame Retardants; Humans; Organophosphates; Placenta; Placentation; Pregnancy
PubMed: 33677611
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab028