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International Clinical... Mar 2020Lithium is the current mainstay treatment for both acute and maintenance management of bipolar disorders. However, its narrow therapeutic index and array of side... (Review)
Review
Lithium is the current mainstay treatment for both acute and maintenance management of bipolar disorders. However, its narrow therapeutic index and array of side effects, although well-documented, can be challenging to manage. Comparatively, the side effects of lithium that involve the ophthalmic structures are not as well established in the literature and only partially appreciated, which can potentially lead to noncompliance. In this article, an extensive literature review of lithium and its ophthalmic adverse effects were performed and comprehensively summarized. Based on the search, documented ophthalmic adverse effects of lithium include: exophthalmos; abnormal eye movements; ocular myasthenia gravis; papilledema; photophobia; and abnormal tear film, contributing to dry eye disease. Additional studies are anticipated to be helpful in expanding the current understanding of lithium and its adverse ophthalmic side effects and certainly warranted to fill the knowledge gap. Close interprofessional management between psychiatrists and ophthalmologists is expected to be beneficial in patient care.
Topics: Eye Diseases; Humans; Lithium Compounds
PubMed: 31743232
DOI: 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000295 -
Cureus Feb 2022Coccidoidomycosis is caused by and infection. Coccidioidomycosis is also known as San Joaquin Valley fever or desert rheumatism. It is only seen in the Southwest...
Coccidoidomycosis is caused by and infection. Coccidioidomycosis is also known as San Joaquin Valley fever or desert rheumatism. It is only seen in the Southwest United States (Arizona, New Mexico, California, Texas, Nevada, and Utah), and Central and South America. This infection is acquired by the inhalation of fungal spores in the air. The most severe extrapulmonary coccidioidomycosis is coccidioidomycosis meningitis, in which patients present with headaches, photophobia, altered mental status, and hearing difficulties. This is a case report of a person with disseminated coccidioidomycosis meningitis complicated by hydrocephalus, presenting as a headache.
PubMed: 35155039
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21889 -
Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America Jun 2022VM is a common yet debilitating migraine variant that has taken many monikers in the past. As a relatively new diagnostic entity, public and provider awareness of this... (Review)
Review
VM is a common yet debilitating migraine variant that has taken many monikers in the past. As a relatively new diagnostic entity, public and provider awareness of this disorder can be improved. Symptoms include vertigo episodes in addition to photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, and headache. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical history as pathognomonic signs via testing are not reliable. Standardized treatment algorithms have yet to be created and current recommendations have been adopted from migraine guidelines.
Topics: Algorithms; Headache; Humans; Hyperacusis; Migraine Disorders; Vertigo
PubMed: 35477842
DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2022.02.003 -
Current Pain and Headache Reports Feb 2022To review the literature on the clinical characteristics of the symptoms other than headache that occurs during a migraine attack in childhood and adolescence. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To review the literature on the clinical characteristics of the symptoms other than headache that occurs during a migraine attack in childhood and adolescence.
RECENT FINDINGS
Premonitory symptoms (42-67%) and postdrome phase (82%) are frequent. The most frequent auras were visual. There was no association between age or sex and the occurrence of auras. Cranial autonomic symptoms are also frequent (40-70%) and are most often bilateral. Most studies suggest that age is not associated with the frequency of nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Cephalic cutaneous allodynia (15-37%) and osmophobia (20-53%) are common symptoms in children with migraine. Osmophobia has low sensitivity and high specificity for the diagnosis of migraine and is associated with the severity of the migraine. Migraine is a complex disease, and although headache is its best-known symptom, other symptoms also occur frequently during migraine attacks in children and adolescents.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Hyperacusis; Hyperalgesia; Migraine Disorders; Photophobia; Vomiting
PubMed: 35064917
DOI: 10.1007/s11916-022-01015-z -
Journal of Neurology Aug 2022Photophobia is present in multiple types of headache disorders. The coexistence of photophobia and headache suggested the potential reciprocal interactions between... (Review)
Review
Photophobia is present in multiple types of headache disorders. The coexistence of photophobia and headache suggested the potential reciprocal interactions between visual and pain pathways. In this review, we summarized the photophobic characteristics in different types of headache disorders in the context of the three diagnostic categories of headache disorders: (1) primary headaches: migraine, tension-type headache, and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias; (2) secondary headaches: headaches attributed to traumatic brain injury, meningitis, non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and disorder of the eyes; (3) painful cranial neuropathies: trigeminal neuralgia and painful optic neuritis. We then discussed potential mechanisms for the coexistence of photophobia and headache. In conclusion, the characteristics of photophobia are different among these headache disorders. The coexistence of photophobia and headache is associated with the interactions between visual and pain pathway at retina, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus and visual cortex. The communication between these pathways may depend on calcitonin gene-related peptide and pituitary cyclase-activating polypeptide transmission. Moreover, cortical spreading depression, an upstream trigger of headache, also plays an important role in photophobia by increased nociceptive input to the thalamus.
Topics: Headache; Headache Disorders; Humans; Migraine Disorders; Pain; Photophobia
PubMed: 35322292
DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11080-4 -
Ophthalmology Feb 2020
Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Cornea; Drug Combinations; Eye Pain; Humans; Keratitis; Lighting; Lubricant Eye Drops; Male; Occupational Exposure; Photophobia; Radiation Injuries; Timolol; Ultraviolet Rays; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 31973836
DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.10.027 -
Animal Cognition Nov 2023Light provides a widely abundant energy source and valuable sensory cue in nature. Most animals exposed to light have photoreceptor cells and in addition to eyes, there... (Review)
Review
Light provides a widely abundant energy source and valuable sensory cue in nature. Most animals exposed to light have photoreceptor cells and in addition to eyes, there are many extraocular strategies for light sensing. Here, we review how these simpler forms of detecting light can mediate rapid behavioural responses in animals. Examples of these behaviours include photophobic (light avoidance) or scotophobic (shadow) responses, photokinesis, phototaxis and wavelength discrimination. We review the cells and response mechanisms in these forms of elementary light detection, focusing on aquatic invertebrates with some protist and terrestrial examples to illustrate the general principles. Light cues can be used very efficiently by these simple photosensitive systems to effectively guide animal behaviours without investment in complex and energetically expensive visual structures.
Topics: Animals; Photoreceptor Cells; Eye; Light
PubMed: 37650997
DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01818-6 -
Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology : the... Dec 2019Migraine is a common disabling neurological disorder where attacks have been recognized to consist of more than headache. The premonitory, headache, and postdromal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Migraine is a common disabling neurological disorder where attacks have been recognized to consist of more than headache. The premonitory, headache, and postdromal phases are the various phases of the migraine cycle, where aura can occur before, during, or after the onset of pain. Migraine is also associated with photosensitivity and cranial autonomic symptoms, which includes lacrimation, conjunctival injection, periorbital edema, ptosis, nasal congestion, and rhinorrhoea. This review will present the current understanding of migraine pathophysiology and the relationship to the observed symptoms.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
The literature was reviewed with specific focus on clinical, neurophysiological, functional imaging, and preclinical studies in migraine including the studies on the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP).
RESULTS
The phases of the migraine cycle have been delineated by several studies. The observations of clinical symptoms help develop hypotheses of the key structures involved and the biochemical and neuronal pathways through which the effects are mediated. Preclinical studies and functional imaging studies have provided evidence for the role of multiple cortical areas, the diencephalon, especially the hypothalamus, and certain brainstem nuclei in the modulation of nociceptive processing, symptoms of the premonitory phase, aura, and photophobia. CGRP and PACAP have been found to be involved in nociceptive modulation and through exploration of CGRP mechanisms, new successful treatments have been developed.
CONCLUSIONS
Migraine is a complex neural disorder and is important to understand when seeing patients who present to neuro-ophthalmology, especially with the successful translation from preclinical and clinical research leading to successful advances in migraine management.
Topics: Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; Humans; Migraine Disorders; Photophobia; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
PubMed: 31714319
DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000000875 -
Aging Dec 2021
Topics: Aging; Circadian Rhythm; Humans; Photophobia; Sleep
PubMed: 34962893
DOI: 10.18632/aging.203806