-
Cell Feb 2023Learning has been associated with modifications of synaptic and circuit properties, but the precise changes storing information in mammals have remained largely unclear....
Learning has been associated with modifications of synaptic and circuit properties, but the precise changes storing information in mammals have remained largely unclear. We combined genetically targeted voltage imaging with targeted optogenetic activation and silencing of pre- and post-synaptic neurons to study the mechanisms underlying hippocampal behavioral timescale plasticity. In mice navigating a virtual-reality environment, targeted optogenetic activation of individual CA1 cells at specific places induced stable representations of these places in the targeted cells. Optical elicitation, recording, and modulation of synaptic transmission in behaving mice revealed that activity in presynaptic CA2/3 cells was required for the induction of plasticity in CA1 and, furthermore, that during induction of these place fields in single CA1 cells, synaptic input from CA2/3 onto these same cells was potentiated. These results reveal synaptic implementation of hippocampal behavioral timescale plasticity and define a methodology to resolve synaptic plasticity during learning and memory in behaving mammals.
Topics: Mice; Animals; CA1 Region, Hippocampal; Hippocampus; Neuronal Plasticity; Learning; Neurons; Synaptic Transmission; Mammals
PubMed: 36669484
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.035 -
Fluids and Barriers of the CNS Apr 2022Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both neonatal and adult populations. IVH not only causes immediate damage to... (Review)
Review
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both neonatal and adult populations. IVH not only causes immediate damage to surrounding structures by way of mass effect and elevated intracranial pressure; the subsequent inflammation causes additional brain injury and edema. Of those neonates who experience severe IVH, 25-30% will go on to develop post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). PHH places neonates and adults at risk for white matter injury, seizures, and death. Unfortunately, the molecular determinants of PHH are not well understood. Within the past decade an emphasis has been placed on neuroinflammation in IVH and PHH. More information has come to light regarding inflammation-induced fibrosis and cerebrospinal fluid hypersecretion in response to IVH. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of neuroinflammation involving clot-derived neuroinflammatory factors including hemoglobin/iron, peroxiredoxin-2 and thrombin, as well as macrophages/microglia, cytokines and complement in the development of PHH. Understanding the mechanisms of neuroinflammation after IVH may highlight potential novel therapeutic targets for PHH.
Topics: Adult; Cerebral Hemorrhage; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Microglia; Neuroinflammatory Diseases
PubMed: 35365172
DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00324-0 -
Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery :... Oct 2021Beard and moustache reconstruction has gained more popularity and acceptance over the last decade. The procedure is done for the correction of facial areas with hair... (Review)
Review
Beard and moustache reconstruction has gained more popularity and acceptance over the last decade. The procedure is done for the correction of facial areas with hair density deficit and also for the cosmetic enhancement of pre-existing facial hair. The surgical technique includes the harvesting of grafts from the scalp by the follicular unit excision (FUE) or follicular unit transplantation (FUT) technique and then placing them in either premade slits or by stick and place method. The advancement and refinement of procedure over the years has aided in achieving the optimal aesthetic results, with minimal side effects.
PubMed: 34984089
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739248 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2021Herbivorous insects, likewise, other organisms, are exposed to diverse communities of microbes from the surrounding environment. Insects and microorganisms associated... (Review)
Review
Herbivorous insects, likewise, other organisms, are exposed to diverse communities of microbes from the surrounding environment. Insects and microorganisms associated with them share a range of relationships, including symbiotic and pathogenic. Insects damage plants by feeding on them and delivering plant pathogens to wounded places, from where pathogens spread over the plant. Thus insects can be considered as both pests and reservoirs or vectors of plant pathogens. Although beetles are not mentioned in the first place as plant pathogen vectors, their transmission of pathogens also takes place and affects the ecosystem. Here we present an overview of beetles as vectors of plant pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and Oomycota, which are responsible for developing plant diseases that can have a significant impact on crop yield and quality.
PubMed: 34721475
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.748093 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Oct 2023More people in more places are researching the world's most dangerous pathogens. This work helps prepare against future pandemics, but it's not without danger. Pathogens...
More people in more places are researching the world's most dangerous pathogens. This work helps prepare against future pandemics, but it's not without danger. Pathogens could escape from research facilities, so it is vital for countries to assess potential hazards and have procedures in place to manage the risks. This doesn't happen enough.
Topics: Humans; Forecasting; Pandemics; Biosecurity
PubMed: 37856605
DOI: 10.1126/science.adl3600 -
The Journal of Clinical Pediatric... Sep 2023Stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are the preferred restoration of pediatric dentists for children requiring a pediatric dental rehabilitation due to their low cost and...
Stainless steel crowns (SSCs) are the preferred restoration of pediatric dentists for children requiring a pediatric dental rehabilitation due to their low cost and durability. Despite low technique sensitivity SSC placement can be challenging in some clinical situations including when placed on primary canines. Primary canines restored with SSCs often result in premature contacts and posterior open bite making acquiring an "as the patient presented" (ATPP) occlusion difficult when providing a pediatric dental rehabilitation. Opening of the posterior occlusion due to premature canine contact in a dental rehabilitation is often viewed as unavoidable. This technique article describes a simple method to address this clinical situation and reviews basic principles and techniques for placing SSCs.
Topics: Child; Humans; Dentists; Open Bite
PubMed: 37732429
DOI: 10.22514/jocpd.2023.047 -
JAMA Pediatrics Aug 2023Despite strong evidence linking place and obesity risk, the extent to which this link is causal or reflects sorting into places is unclear.
IMPORTANCE
Despite strong evidence linking place and obesity risk, the extent to which this link is causal or reflects sorting into places is unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association of place with adolescents' obesity and explore potential causal pathways, such as shared environments and social contagion.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This natural experiment study used the periodic reassignment of US military servicemembers to installations as a source of exogenous variation in exposure to difference places to estimate the association between place and obesity risk. The study analyzed data from the Military Teenagers Environments, Exercise, and Nutrition Study, a cohort of adolescents in military families recruited from 2013 through 2014 from 12 large military installations in the US and followed up until 2018. Individual fixed-effects models were estimated that examined whether adolescents' exposure to increasingly obesogenic places over time was associated with increases in body mass index (BMI) and probability of overweight or obesity. These data were analyzed from October 15, 2021, through March 10, 2023.
EXPOSURE
Adult obesity rate in military parent's assigned installation county was used as a summary measure of all place-specific obesogenic influences.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Outcomes were BMI, overweight or obesity (BMI in the 85th percentile or higher), and obesity (BMI in the 95th percentile or higher). Time at installation residence and off installation residence were moderators capturing the degree of exposure to the county. County-level measures of food access, physical activity opportunities, and socioeconomic characteristics captured shared environments.
RESULTS
A cohort of 970 adolescents had a baseline mean age of 13.7 years and 512 were male (52.8%). A 5 percentage point-increase over time in the county obesity rate was associated with a 0.19 increase in adolescents' BMI (95% CI, 0.02-0.37) and a 0.02-unit increase in their probability of obesity (95% CI, 0-0.04). Shared environments did not explain these associations. These associations were stronger for adolescents with time at installation of 2 years or longer vs less than 2 years for BMI (0.359 vs. 0.046; P value for difference in association = .02) and for probability of overweight or obesity (0.058 vs. 0.007; P value for difference association = .02), and for adolescents who lived off installation vs on installation for BMI (0.414 vs. -0.025; P value for association = .01) and for probability of obesity (0.033 vs. -0.007; P value for association = .02).
CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE
In this study, the link between place and adolescents' obesity risk is not explained by selection or shared environments. The study findings suggest social contagion as a potential causal pathway.
Topics: Adult; Adolescent; Humans; Male; Female; Pediatric Obesity; Overweight; Body Mass Index; Socioeconomic Factors; Military Personnel
PubMed: 37273213
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.1329 -
Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology 2022Burnout, the outcome of prolonged stress or frustration, manifests as both mental and physical fatigue affecting over half of healthcare workers. This article will... (Review)
Review
Burnout, the outcome of prolonged stress or frustration, manifests as both mental and physical fatigue affecting over half of healthcare workers. This article will discuss the etiologies, problems, and potential solutions to burnout related issues that are impacting radiologists. Factors placing radiologists at risk for burnout as well the impact of burnout upon the radiologist, the department, staff, and patients they serve will also be discussed. An emphasis will also be placed upon recognition, solutions, and a collective response to burnout. Readers should be able to perform a self-assessment of their own risk for burnout and understand what can be done to dissolve and prevent burnout amongst their colleagues. In doing so, our hope is that radiologists will develop greater insight, awareness, and ultimately empathy for the unique challenges that others in the radiology community may face.
Topics: Burnout, Professional; Burnout, Psychological; Empathy; Humans; Mindfulness; Radiologists; Radiology; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 34876307
DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2021.08.005 -
American Journal of Community Psychology Nov 2023Place attachment at neighborhood places can facilitate social ties and community belonging, reduce social isolation and improve physical and mental health outcomes....
Place attachment at neighborhood places can facilitate social ties and community belonging, reduce social isolation and improve physical and mental health outcomes. Research highlights the benefits of place attachment at traditional third places such as cafes and parks but is yet to examine place attachment across a broader suite of highly frequented neighborhood places. Drawing on survey data from a sample of Australian residents (N = 892) with a median age of 55-64 years, this study examines the influence of place form and function on place attachment at everyday places. Findings reveal that places where individuals go to participate in specific and unique activities (e.g., exercise at a gym, prayer at a temple) alongside a defined group of other community members, such as places of worship or gyms, engender stronger place attachment than places of economic consumption, such as large shops and cafes. This is important in its capacity to inform neighborhood planning and policies to reduce risk of social isolation.
PubMed: 37975207
DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12722