-
Advances in Biochemical... 2024The use of plant proteins or peptides in biotechnology is based on their identification as possessing bioactive potential in plants. This is usually the case for... (Review)
Review
The use of plant proteins or peptides in biotechnology is based on their identification as possessing bioactive potential in plants. This is usually the case for antimicrobial, fungicidal, or insecticidal components of the plant's defense system. They function in addition to a large number of specialized metabolites. Such proteins can be classified according to their sequence, length, and structure, and this has been tried to describe for a few examples here. Even though such proteins or peptides can be induced during plant-pathogen interaction, they are still present in rather small amounts that make the system not suitable for the production in large-scale systems. Therefore, a suitable type of host needs to be identified, such as cell cultures or adult plants. Bioinformatic predictions can also be used to add to the number of bioactive sequences. Some problems that can occur in production by the plant system itself will be discussed, such as choice of promoter for gene expression, posttranslational protein modifications, protein stability, secretion of proteins, or induction by elicitors. Finally, the plant needs to be set up by biotechnological or molecular methods for production, and the product needs to be enriched or purified. In some cases of small peptides, a direct chemical synthesis might be feasible. Altogether, the process needs to be considered marketable.
Topics: Plant Proteins; Peptides; Plants; Plants, Genetically Modified; Biotechnology
PubMed: 38286902
DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_246 -
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB Jan 2023Plant specific SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH (SHI/STY) protein is a transcription factor involved in the formation and development of early lateral organs in plants. However,... (Review)
Review
Plant specific SHORT INTERNODES/STYLISH (SHI/STY) protein is a transcription factor involved in the formation and development of early lateral organs in plants. However, research on the SHI/STY protein family is not focused enough. In this article, we review recent studies on SHI/STY genes and explore the evolution and structure of SHI/STY. The biological functions of SHI/STYs are discussed in detail in this review, and the application of each biological function to modern agriculture is discussed. All SHI/STY proteins contain typical conserved RING-like zinc finger domain and IGGH domain. SHI/STYs are involved in the formation and development of lateral root, stem extension, leaf morphogenesis, and root nodule development. They are also involved in the regulation of pistil and stamen development and flowering time. At the same time, the regulation of some GA, JA, and auxin signals also involves these family proteins. For each aspect, unanswered or poorly understood questions were identified to help define future research areas. This review will provide a basis for further functional study of this gene family.
Topics: Transcription Factors; Indoleacetic Acids; Gene Expression Regulation; Flowers; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 36565613
DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.018 -
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology Feb 2023Wheat grain development is an important biological process to determine grain yield and quality, which is controlled by the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and... (Review)
Review
Wheat grain development is an important biological process to determine grain yield and quality, which is controlled by the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Wheat grain development has been extensively characterized at the phenotypic and genetic levels. The advent of innovative molecular technologies allows us to characterize genes, proteins, and regulatory factors involved in wheat grain development, which have enhanced our understanding of the wheat seed development process. However, wheat is an allohexaploid with a large genome size, the molecular mechanisms underlying the wheat grain development have not been well understood as those in diploids. Understanding grain development, and how it is regulated, is of fundamental importance for improving grain yield and quality through conventional breeding or genetic engineering. Herein, we review the current discoveries on the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat grain development. Notably, only a handful of genes that control wheat grain development have, thus far, been well characterized, their interplay underlying the grain development remains elusive. The synergistic network-integrated genomics and epigenetics underlying wheat grain development and how the subgenome divergence dynamically and precisely regulates wheat grain development are unknown.
Topics: Triticum; Edible Grain; Seeds; Genomics; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 34965821
DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.2001784 -
Virus Genes Feb 2022Viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae infect plants and are responsible for a number of diseases of crops in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the World.... (Review)
Review
Viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae infect plants and are responsible for a number of diseases of crops in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the World. The innate immune response of the plant assists in its defense against such viral pathogens by the recognition of pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns through pattern-recognition receptors. Phytohormone signalling pathways play a vital role in plant defense responses against these devastating viruses. Geminiviruses, however, have developed counter-defense strategies that prevail over the above defense pathways. The proteins encoded by geminiviruses act as suppressors of plant immunity by interacting with the signalling components of several hormones. In this review we focus on the molecular interplay of phytohormone pathways and geminiviral infection and try to find interesting parallels with similar mechanisms known in other plant-infecting viruses and strengthen the argument that this interplay is necessary for disease development.
Topics: Geminiviridae; Plant Diseases; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins; Plants; Receptors, Pattern Recognition
PubMed: 35034268
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01881-6 -
Molecular Functionality of Plant Proteins from Low- to High-Solid Systems with Ligand and Co-Solute.International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2020In the food industry, proteins are regarded as multifunctional systems whose bioactive hetero-polymeric properties are affected by physicochemical interactions with the... (Review)
Review
In the food industry, proteins are regarded as multifunctional systems whose bioactive hetero-polymeric properties are affected by physicochemical interactions with the surrounding components in formulations. Due to their nutritional value, plant proteins are increasingly considered by the new product developer to provide three-dimensional assemblies of required structure, texture, solubility and interfacial/bulk stability with physical, chemical or enzymatic treatment. This molecular flexibility allows them to form systems for the preservation of fresh food, retention of good nutrition and interaction with a range of microconstituents. While, animal- and milk-based proteins have been widely discussed in the literature, the role of plant proteins in the development of functional foods with enhanced nutritional profile and targeted physiological effects can be further explored. This review aims to look into the molecular functionality of plant proteins in relation to the transport of bioactive ingredients and interaction with other ligands and proteins. In doing so, it will consider preparations from low- to high-solids and the effect of structural transformation via gelation, phase separation and vitrification on protein functionality as a delivery vehicle or heterologous complex. Applications for the design of novel functional foods and nutraceuticals will also be discussed.
Topics: Algorithms; Binding Sites; Chemical Phenomena; Food Technology; Functional Food; Kinetics; Ligands; Models, Molecular; Models, Theoretical; Molecular Conformation; Nutritive Value; Plant Proteins; Protein Binding; Structure-Activity Relationship; Temperature; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 32268602
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072550 -
Journal of Experimental Botany Oct 2020Plants need efficient nitrate (NO3-) sensing systems and sophisticated signaling pathways to develop a wide range of adaptive responses to external fluctuations of NO3-... (Review)
Review
Plants need efficient nitrate (NO3-) sensing systems and sophisticated signaling pathways to develop a wide range of adaptive responses to external fluctuations of NO3- supply. In Arabidopsis thaliana, numerous molecular regulators have been identified to participate in signaling pathways that respond specifically to NO3-. In contrast, only a single NO3- sensing system has been described to date, relying on the NRT1.1 (NPF6.3/CHL1) NO3- transceptor. NRT1.1 governs a wide range of responses to NO3-, from fast reprogramming of genome expression (the primary nitrate response) to longer-term developmental changes (effects on lateral root development). NRT1.1 appears to be at the center of a complex network of signaling pathways, involving numerous molecular players acting downstream and/or upstream of it. Interestingly, some of these regulators are involved in crosstalk with the signaling pathways of other nutrients, such as inorganic phosphate or potassium. Although NRT1.1-mediated NO3- sensing and signaling has mostly been documented in Arabidopsis, recent evidence indicates that similar mechanisms involving NRT1.1 orthologues are operative in rice. This review aims to delineate how the NRT1.1 sensing system and the downstream/upstream transduction cascades are integrated to control both the expression of NO3--responsive genes and the induced plasticity of root development.
Topics: Anion Transport Proteins; Arabidopsis Proteins; Nitrates; Plant Proteins; Plant Roots
PubMed: 32870279
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa361 -
Biomolecules Sep 2022Plants have evolved a number of different ways to deal with different types of abiotic stresses; at the molecular level, dehydration can cause multiple forms of damage...
Plants have evolved a number of different ways to deal with different types of abiotic stresses; at the molecular level, dehydration can cause multiple forms of damage to different biomolecules [...].
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Dehydration; Stress, Physiological; Plants; Embryonic Development
PubMed: 36291589
DOI: 10.3390/biom12101380 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022Plasmodesmata are plant intercellular channels that mediate the transport of small and large molecules including RNAs and transcription factors (TFs) that regulate plant... (Review)
Review
Plasmodesmata are plant intercellular channels that mediate the transport of small and large molecules including RNAs and transcription factors (TFs) that regulate plant development. In this review, we present current research on plasmodesmata form and function and discuss the main regulatory pathways. We show the progress made in the development of approaches and tools to dissect the plasmodesmata proteome in diverse plant species and discuss future perspectives and challenges in this field of research.
Topics: Cell Communication; Plant Development; Plant Proteins; Plasmodesmata; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35349130
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_1 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Aug 2023Toll/interleukin-1/resistance (TIR) domain proteins contribute to innate immunity in all cellular kingdoms. TIR modules are activated by self-association and in plants,... (Review)
Review
Toll/interleukin-1/resistance (TIR) domain proteins contribute to innate immunity in all cellular kingdoms. TIR modules are activated by self-association and in plants, mammals and bacteria, some TIRs have enzymatic functions that are crucial for disease resistance and/or cell death. Many plant TIR-only proteins and pathogen effector-activated TIR-domain NLR receptors are NAD hydrolysing enzymes. Biochemical, structural and functional studies established that for both plant TIR-protein types, and certain bacterial TIRs, NADase activity generates bioactive signalling intermediates which promote resistance. A set of plant TIR-catalysed nucleotide isomers was discovered which bind to and activate EDS1 complexes, promoting their interactions with co-functioning helper NLRs. Analysis of TIR enzymes across kingdoms fills an important gap in understanding how pathogen disturbance induces TIR-regulated immune responses.
Topics: Animals; Interleukin-1; Plant Proteins; Plant Immunity; Plants; Disease Resistance; Bacteria; Plant Diseases; Arabidopsis Proteins; Mammals
PubMed: 37150050
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102373 -
Trends in Plant Science Sep 2023The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway plays a central role in plant salinity tolerance. Since the discovery of the SOS pathway, transcriptional and post-translational... (Review)
Review
The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) pathway plays a central role in plant salinity tolerance. Since the discovery of the SOS pathway, transcriptional and post-translational regulations of its core components have garnered considerable attention. To date, several proteins that regulate these core components, either positively or negatively at the protein and transcript levels, have been identified. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the functional regulation of the core proteins of the SOS pathway and an expanding spectrum of their upstream effectors in plants. Furthermore, we also discuss how these novel regulators act as key signaling nodes of multilayer control of plant development and stress adaptation through modulation of the SOS core proteins at the transcriptional and post-translational levels.
Topics: Salt Tolerance; Arabidopsis Proteins; Plant Proteins; Adaptation, Physiological; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 37117077
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.04.003