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International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2019Plants have evolved strategies to tightly regulate metabolism during acclimation to a changing environment. Low temperature significantly constrains distribution, growth... (Review)
Review
Plants have evolved strategies to tightly regulate metabolism during acclimation to a changing environment. Low temperature significantly constrains distribution, growth and yield of many temperate plant species. Exposing plants to low but non-freezing temperature induces a multigenic processes termed cold acclimation, which eventually results in an increased freezing tolerance. Cold acclimation comprises reprogramming of the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome and affects communication and signaling between subcellular organelles. Carbohydrates play a central role in this metabolic reprogramming. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of carbohydrate metabolism in plant cold acclimation with a focus on subcellular metabolic reprogramming, its thermodynamic constraints under low temperature and mathematical modelling of metabolism.
Topics: Acclimatization; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cold Temperature; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Metabolome; Models, Theoretical; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 31671650
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215411 -
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Jul 2019Plant NLRs share many of the structural hallmarks of their animal counterparts. At a functional level, the central nucleotide-binding pocket appears to have binding and... (Review)
Review
Plant NLRs share many of the structural hallmarks of their animal counterparts. At a functional level, the central nucleotide-binding pocket appears to have binding and hydrolysis activities, similar to that of animal NLRs. The TIR domains of plant NLRs have been shown to self-associate, and there is emerging evidence that full-length plant NLRs may do so as well. It is therefore tempting to speculate that plant NLRs may form higher-order complexes similar to those of the mammalian inflammasome. Here we review the available knowledge on structure-function relationships in plant NLRs, focusing on how the information available on animal NLRs informs the mechanism of plant NLR function, and highlight the evidence that innate immunity signalling pathways in multicellular organisms often require the formation of higher-order protein complexes.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Humans; NLR Proteins; Plant Proteins; Plants; Protein Domains; Protein Multimerization
PubMed: 31071301
DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.05.001 -
Plant, Cell & Environment Jun 2021Salicylic acid (SA) plays pivotal role in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. Tremendous progress has been made in the field of SA... (Review)
Review
Salicylic acid (SA) plays pivotal role in plant defense against biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. Tremendous progress has been made in the field of SA biosynthesis and SA signaling pathways over the past three decades. Among the key immune players in SA signaling pathway, NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 (NPR1) functions as a master regulator of SA-mediated plant defense. The function of NPR1 as an SA receptor has been controversial; however, after years of arguments among several laboratories, NPR1 has finally been proven as one of the SA receptors. The function of NPR1 is strictly regulated via post-translational modifications and transcriptional regulation that were recently found. More recent advances in NPR1 biology, including novel functions of NPR1 and the structure of SA receptor proteins, have brought this field forward immensely. Therefore, based on these recent discoveries, this review acts to provide a full picture of how NPR1 functions in plant immunity and how NPR1 gene and NPR1 protein are regulated at multiple levels. Finally, we also discuss potential challenges in future studies of SA signaling pathway.
Topics: Arabidopsis Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Phosphorylation; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins; Salicylic Acid; Sumoylation; Ubiquitination
PubMed: 33495996
DOI: 10.1111/pce.14003 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Dec 2021Abiotic stresses are wide-ranging environmental factors that adversely affect the yield and quality of tea plants (Camellia sinensis). As perennial woody economic... (Review)
Review
Abiotic stresses are wide-ranging environmental factors that adversely affect the yield and quality of tea plants (Camellia sinensis). As perennial woody economic plants, various environmental factors affect its growth and development. To survive under stress conditions, plants adapt to or withstand these adverse external environments by regulating their growth and morphological structure. Recently, there have been knowledges regarding the significant progress in the mechanisms of abiotic stresses (including cold and heat, drought, salt and heavy metal stresses) tolerance in tea plants. Many evidences suggest that several phytohormones are in response to various environmental stresses, and regulate plant stress adaptation. However, the regulatory mechanisms of plant abiotic stress responses and resistance remain unclear. In this review, we mainly summarize the studies on the adaptive physiological and molecular mechanisms of tea plants under abiotic stress, and discuss the direction for tea plant resistance and breeding strategies.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Camellia sinensis; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 34994184
DOI: 10.52586/5063 -
Cells Feb 2022The NAC transcription factor (TF) family is one of the largest plant-specific TF families and its members are involved in the regulation of many vital biological... (Review)
Review
The NAC transcription factor (TF) family is one of the largest plant-specific TF families and its members are involved in the regulation of many vital biological processes during plant growth and development. Recent studies have found that NAC TFs play important roles during the ripening of fleshy fruits and the development of quality attributes. This review focuses on the advances in our understanding of the function of NAC TFs in different fruits and their involvement in the biosynthesis and signal transduction of plant hormones, fruit textural changes, color transformation, accumulation of flavor compounds, seed development and fruit senescence. We discuss the theoretical basis and potential regulatory models for NAC TFs action and provide a comprehensive view of their multiple roles in modulating different aspects of fruit ripening and quality.
Topics: Fruit; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Solanum lycopersicum; Plant Proteins; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 35159333
DOI: 10.3390/cells11030525 -
Physiologia Plantarum Dec 2021Salt stress disturbs the cellular osmotic and ionic balance, which then creates a negative impact on plant growth and development. The Na and Cl ions can enter into... (Review)
Review
Salt stress disturbs the cellular osmotic and ionic balance, which then creates a negative impact on plant growth and development. The Na and Cl ions can enter into plant cells through various membrane transporters, including specific and non-specific Na , K , and Ca transporters. Therefore, it is important to understand Na and K transport mechanisms in plants along with the isolation of genes, their characterization, the structural features, and their post-translation regulation under salt stress. This review summarizes the molecular insights of plant ion transporters, including non-selective cation transporters, cyclic nucleotide-gated cation transporters, glutamate-like receptors, membrane intrinsic proteins, cation proton antiporters, and sodium proton antiporter families. Further, we discussed the K transporter families such as high-affinity K transporters, HAK/KUP/KT transporters, shaker type K transporters, and K efflux antiporters. Besides the ion transport process, we have shed light on available literature on epigenetic regulation of transport processes under salt stress. Recent advancements of salt stress sensing mechanisms and various salt sensors within signaling transduction pathways are discussed. Further, we have compiled salt-stress signaling pathways, and their crosstalk with phytohormones.
Topics: Cation Transport Proteins; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Plants; Potassium; Salt Stress
PubMed: 33963568
DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13453 -
Annals of Botany May 2023Morphogenesis occurs through accurate interaction between essential players to generate highly specialized plant organs. Fruit structure and function are triggered by a...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Morphogenesis occurs through accurate interaction between essential players to generate highly specialized plant organs. Fruit structure and function are triggered by a neat transcriptional control involving distinct regulator genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) or signalling proteins, such as the C2H2/C2HC zinc-finger NO TRANSMITTING TRACT (NTT) or the MADS-box protein SEEDSTICK (STK), which are important in setting plant reproductive competence, feasibly by affecting cell wall polysaccharide and lipid distribution. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are major components of the cell wall and are thought to be involved in the reproductive process as important players in specific stages of development. The detection of AGPs epitopes in reproductive tissues of NTT and other fruit development-related TFs, such as MADS-box proteins including SHATTERPROOF1 (SHP1), SHP2 and STK, was the focus of this study.
METHODS
We used fluorescence microscopy to perform immunolocalization analyses on stk and ntt single mutants, on the ntt stk double mutant and on the stk shp1 shp2 triple mutant using specific anti-AGP monoclonal antibodies. In these mutants, the expression levels of selected AGP genes were also measured by quantitative real-time PCR and compared with the respective expression in wild-type (WT) plants.
KEY RESULTS
The present immunolocalization study collects information on the distribution patterns of specific AGPs in Arabidopsis female reproductive tissues, complemented by the quantification of AGP expression levels, comparing WT, stk and ntt single mutants, the ntt stk double mutant and the stk shp1 shp2 triple mutant.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings reveal distinct AGP distribution patterns in different developmental mutants related to the female reproductive unit in Arabidopsis. The value of the immunofluorescence labelling technique is highlighted in this study as an invaluable tool to dissect the remodelling nature of the cell wall in developmental processes.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Plant Proteins; Transcription Factors; Mucoproteins; MADS Domain Proteins
PubMed: 36945741
DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad046 -
Plant Biology (Stuttgart, Germany) Aug 2023Gibberellins (GAs), which form a large family of phytohormones involved in almost every step of plant life and development, were discovered almost a century ago. The... (Review)
Review
Gibberellins (GAs), which form a large family of phytohormones involved in almost every step of plant life and development, were discovered almost a century ago. The molecular characterization of GA metabolism and signalling mechanisms now provides explanations for the multiple crosstalk and the integration of external signals required for plants to adapt their development and growth to environmental conditions. In this review, we present the molecular elements of GA metabolism and signalling pathways, with emphasis on the key role of the GA/GID1/DELLA complex as a conserved developmental integrator. Further, we discuss how the GA signalling pathway, together with feedback regulation on GA metabolism, contributes to the integration of endogenous and exogenous signals to provide an adaptive output.
Topics: Plant Growth Regulators; Gibberellins; Plants; Signal Transduction; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Arabidopsis Proteins; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 37279043
DOI: 10.1111/plb.13549 -
Evolution & Development May 2021DELLA proteins are master growth regulators that repress responses to a group of plant growth hormones called gibberellins (GAs). Manipulation of DELLA function and... (Review)
Review
DELLA proteins are master growth regulators that repress responses to a group of plant growth hormones called gibberellins (GAs). Manipulation of DELLA function and signaling was instrumental in the development of high-yielding crop varieties that saved millions from starvation during the "Green Revolution." Despite decades of extensive research, it is still unclear how DELLA function and signaling mechanisms evolved within the land plant lineage. Here, we review current knowledge on DELLA protein function with reference to structure, posttranslational modifications, downstream transcriptional targets, and protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, we discuss older and recent findings regarding the evolution of DELLA signaling within the land plant lineage, with an emphasis on bryophytes, and identify future avenues of research that would enable us to shed more light on the evolution of DELLA signaling. Unraveling how DELLA function and signaling mechanisms have evolved could enable us to engineer better crops in an attempt to contribute to mitigating the effects of global warming and achieving global food security.
Topics: Animals; Embryophyta; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gibberellins; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Plants; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33428269
DOI: 10.1111/ede.12365 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2020Plants as immovable organisms sense the stressors in their environment and respond to them by means of dedicated stress response pathways. In response to stress,... (Review)
Review
Plants as immovable organisms sense the stressors in their environment and respond to them by means of dedicated stress response pathways. In response to stress, jasmonates (jasmonic acid, its precursors and derivatives), a class of polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived phytohormones, play crucial roles in several biotic and abiotic stresses. As the major immunity hormone, jasmonates participate in numerous signal transduction pathways, including those of gene networks, regulatory proteins, signaling intermediates, and proteins, enzymes, and molecules that act to protect cells from the toxic effects of abiotic stresses. As cellular hubs for integrating informational cues from the environment, jasmonates play significant roles in alleviating salt stress, drought stress, heavy metal toxicity, micronutrient toxicity, freezing stress, ozone stress, CO stress, and light stress. Besides these, jasmonates are involved in several developmental and physiological processes throughout the plant life. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways of the JAs and the roles of these molecules in the plant responses to abiotic stresses.
Topics: Cyclopentanes; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Oxylipins; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Plants; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 31963549
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020621