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FEBS Letters Sep 2022Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that delivers dysfunctional cellular organelles or other cytosol components to degradative vesicular structures (vacuoles in... (Review)
Review
Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that delivers dysfunctional cellular organelles or other cytosol components to degradative vesicular structures (vacuoles in plants and yeasts, lysosomes in mammals) for degradation and recycling. Viruses are intracellular parasites that hijack their host to live. Research on regulation of the trade-off between plant cells and viruses has indicated that autophagy is an integral part of the host response to virus infection. Meanwhile, plants have evolved a diverse array of defense responses to counter pathogenic viruses. In this review, we focus on the roles of autophagy in plant virus infection and offer a glimpse of recent advances about how plant viruses evade autophagy or manipulate host autophagy pathways to complete their replication cycle.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Lysosomes; Mammals; Plant Viruses; Plants; Vacuoles; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 35404481
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14349 -
Virus Research Sep 2020Changes in global climate driven by anthropogenic activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have been progressively increasing and are... (Review)
Review
Changes in global climate driven by anthropogenic activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have been progressively increasing and are projected to intensify. Increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and temperature will have significant consequences for future food production, quality, distribution and security. The epidemiology of plant viruses will be altered in the future as a result of climate change. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide, increased temperature, changes to water availability and more frequent extreme weather events will have direct and indirect effects on plant viruses through changes in hosts and vectors. Predicted climatic changes will affect the distribution and survival of plant viruses and their vectors, which are expected to increase in many geographic regions. Furthermore, climate change can affect the virulence and pathogenicity of plant viruses, consequently increasing the frequency and scale of disease outbreaks. Thus, greater understanding of plant virus epidemiology is needed to better anticipate challenges ahead and to develop effective and robust control strategies that will aid in securing global food production for the future.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Climate Change; Crops, Agricultural; Food Security; Humans; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Temperature
PubMed: 32561376
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198059 -
Plant Cell Reports Sep 2019Plants have developed diverse molecular mechanisms to resist viruses. RNA silencing plays a dominant role in antiviral defense. Recent studies have correlated plant... (Review)
Review
Plants have developed diverse molecular mechanisms to resist viruses. RNA silencing plays a dominant role in antiviral defense. Recent studies have correlated plant antiviral silencing to epigenetic modification in genomic DNA and protein by remodeling the expression levels of coding genes. The plant host methylation level is reprogrammed in response to viral challenge. Genomes of some viruses have been implicated in the epigenetic modification via small RNA-mediated transcriptional gene silencing and post-transcriptional gene silencing. These mechanisms can be primed prior to a virus attack through methylation changes for antiviral defense. This review highlights the findings concerning the methylation changes in plant-virus interactions and demonstrates a possible direction to improve the understanding of plant host methylation regulation in response to viral infection.
Topics: DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Epigenomics; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Silencing; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering
PubMed: 31065780
DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02414-0 -
Viruses May 2021Negative-strand (-) RNA viruses (NSVs) comprise a large and diverse group of viruses that are generally divided in those with non-segmented and those with segmented... (Review)
Review
Negative-strand (-) RNA viruses (NSVs) comprise a large and diverse group of viruses that are generally divided in those with non-segmented and those with segmented genomes. Whereas most NSVs infect animals and humans, the smaller group of the plant-infecting counterparts is expanding, with many causing devastating diseases worldwide, affecting a large number of major bulk and high-value food crops. In 2018, the taxonomy of segmented NSVs faced a major reorganization with the establishment of the order . This article overviews the major plant viruses that are part of the order, i.e., orthospoviruses (), tenuiviruses (), and emaraviruses (), and provides updates on the more recent ongoing research. Features shared with the animal-infecting counterparts are mentioned, however, special attention is given to their adaptation to plant hosts and vector transmission, including intra/intercellular trafficking and viral counter defense to antiviral RNAi.
Topics: Bunyaviridae; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants; RNA Viruses
PubMed: 34066457
DOI: 10.3390/v13050842 -
Molecular Plant Pathology Nov 2019Plant virus genome replication and movement is dependent on host resources and factors. However, plants respond to virus infection through several mechanisms, such as... (Review)
Review
Plant virus genome replication and movement is dependent on host resources and factors. However, plants respond to virus infection through several mechanisms, such as autophagy, ubiquitination, mRNA decay and gene silencing, that target viral components. Viral factors work in synchrony with pro-viral host factors during the infection cycle and are targeted by antiviral responses. Accordingly, establishment of virus infection is genetically determined by the availability of the pro-viral factors necessary for genome replication and movement, and by the balance between plant defence and viral suppression of defence responses. Sequential requirement of pro-viral factors and the antagonistic activity of antiviral factors suggest a two-step model to explain plant-virus interactions. At each step of the infection process, host factors with antiviral activity have been identified. Here we review our current understanding of host factors with antiviral activity against plant viruses.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Genes, Plant; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Proteins; Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 31286679
DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12851 -
Viruses Apr 2022As rivals over the long history of co-evolution, viruses and host plants have each developed specialized strategies and machineries to cope with the rivalry [...].
As rivals over the long history of co-evolution, viruses and host plants have each developed specialized strategies and machineries to cope with the rivalry [...].
Topics: DNA Viruses; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants; Viruses, Unclassified
PubMed: 35632605
DOI: 10.3390/v14050864 -
Archives of Insect Biochemistry and... Jun 2020The genus Nanovirus consists of plant viruses that predominantly infect legumes leading to devastating crop losses. Nanoviruses are transmitted by various aphid species.... (Review)
Review
The genus Nanovirus consists of plant viruses that predominantly infect legumes leading to devastating crop losses. Nanoviruses are transmitted by various aphid species. The transmission occurs in a circulative nonpropagative manner. It was long suspected that a virus-encoded helper factor would be needed for successful transmission by aphids. Recently, a helper factor was identified as the nanovirus-encoded nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). The mode of action of NSP is currently unknown in contrast to helper factors from other plant viruses that, for example, facilitate binding of virus particles to receptors within the aphids' stylets. In this review, we are summarizing the current knowledge about nanovirus-aphid vector interactions.
Topics: Animals; Aphids; Fabaceae; Nanovirus; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 32212397
DOI: 10.1002/arch.21668 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jan 2020Insects play an important role in the spread of viruses from infected plants to healthy hosts through a variety of transmission strategies. Environmental factors... (Review)
Review
Insects play an important role in the spread of viruses from infected plants to healthy hosts through a variety of transmission strategies. Environmental factors continuously influence virus transmission and result in the establishment of infection or disease. Plant virus diseases become epidemic when viruses successfully dominate the surrounding ecosystem. Plant-insect vector-virus interactions influence each other; pushing each other for their benefit and survival. These interactions are modulated through environmental factors, though environmental influences are not readily predictable. This review focuses on exploiting the diverse relationships, embedded in the plant-insect vector-virus triangle by highlighting recent research findings. We examined the interactions between viruses, insect vectors, and host plants, and explored how these interactions affect their behavior.
Topics: Animals; Climate Change; Ecosystem; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Insect Vectors; Insect Viruses; Insecta; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Plants
PubMed: 31726403
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135044 -
Virus Research May 2020Plant rhabdoviruses are recognized by their large bacilliform particles and for being able to replicate in both their plant hosts and arthropod vectors. This review... (Review)
Review
Plant rhabdoviruses are recognized by their large bacilliform particles and for being able to replicate in both their plant hosts and arthropod vectors. This review highlights selected, better studied examples of plant rhabdoviruses, their genetic diversity, epidemiology and interactions with plant hosts and arthropod vectors: Alfalfa dwarf virus is classified as a cytorhabdovirus, but its multifunctional phosphoprotein is localized to the plant cell nucleus. Lettuce necrotic yellows virus subtypes may differentially interact with their aphid vectors leading to changes in virus population diversity. Interactions of rhabdoviruses that infect rice, maize and other grains are tightly associated with their specific leafhopper and planthopper vectors. Future outbreaks of vector-borne nucleorhabdoviruses may be predicted based on a world distribution map of the insect vectors. The epidemiology of coffee ringspot virus and its Brevipalpus mite vector is illustrated highlighting the symptomatology and biology of a dichorhavirus and potential impacts of climate change on its epidemiology.
Topics: Animals; Crops, Agricultural; Host Microbial Interactions; Insect Vectors; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Rhabdoviridae
PubMed: 32201209
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197942 -
Viruses Feb 2023Advances in genome engineering (GE) tools based on sequence-specific programmable nucleases have revolutionized precise genome editing in plants. However, only the... (Review)
Review
Advances in genome engineering (GE) tools based on sequence-specific programmable nucleases have revolutionized precise genome editing in plants. However, only the traditional approaches are used to deliver these GE reagents, which mostly rely on -mediated transformation or particle bombardment. These techniques have been successfully used for the past decades for the genetic engineering of plants with some limitations relating to lengthy time-taking protocols and transgenes integration-related regulatory concerns. Nevertheless, in the era of climate change, we require certain faster protocols for developing climate-smart resilient crops through GE to deal with global food security. Therefore, some alternative approaches are needed to robustly deliver the GE reagents. In this case, the plant viral vectors could be an excellent option for the delivery of GE reagents because they are efficient, effective, and precise. Additionally, these are autonomously replicating and considered as natural specialists for transient delivery. In the present review, we have discussed the potential use of these plant viral vectors for the efficient delivery of GE reagents. We have further described the different plant viral vectors, such as DNA and RNA viruses, which have been used as efficient gene targeting systems in model plants, and in other important crops including potato, tomato, wheat, and rice. The achievements gained so far in the use of viral vectors as a carrier for GE reagent delivery are depicted along with the benefits and limitations of each viral vector. Moreover, recent advances have been explored in employing viral vectors for GE and adapting this technology for future research.
Topics: Genome, Plant; Agrobacterium; Climate Change; Crops, Agricultural; Plant Viruses
PubMed: 36851743
DOI: 10.3390/v15020531