-
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023Plant viruses are an important class of pathogens that seriously affect plant growth and harm crop production. Viruses are simple in structure but complex in mutation... (Review)
Review
Plant viruses are an important class of pathogens that seriously affect plant growth and harm crop production. Viruses are simple in structure but complex in mutation and have thus always posed a continuous threat to agricultural development. Low resistance and eco-friendliness are important features of green pesticides. Plant immunity agents can enhance the resilience of the immune system by activating plants to regulate their metabolism. Therefore, plant immune agents are of great importance in pesticide science. In this paper, we review plant immunity agents, such as ningnanmycin, vanisulfane, dufulin, cytosinpeptidemycin, and oligosaccharins, and their antiviral molecular mechanisms and discuss the antiviral applications and development of plant immunity agents. Plant immunity agents can trigger defense responses and confer disease resistance to plants, and the development trends and application prospects of plant immunity agents in plant protection are analyzed in depth.
Topics: Plant Proteins; Plant Diseases; Plants; Plant Immunity; Plant Viruses; Antiviral Agents; Pesticides
PubMed: 36901884
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054453 -
Viruses Aug 2021Plant-based nanotechnology programs using virus-like particles (VLPs) and virus nanoparticles (VNPs) are emerging platforms that are increasingly used for a variety of... (Review)
Review
Plant-based nanotechnology programs using virus-like particles (VLPs) and virus nanoparticles (VNPs) are emerging platforms that are increasingly used for a variety of applications in biotechnology and medicine. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and potato virus X (PVX), by virtue of having high aspect ratios, make ideal platforms for drug delivery. TMV and PVX both possess rod-shaped structures and single-stranded RNA genomes encapsidated by their respective capsid proteins and have shown great promise as drug delivery systems. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has an icosahedral structure, and thus brings unique benefits as a nanoparticle. The uses of these three plant viruses as either nanostructures or expression vectors for high value pharmaceutical proteins such as vaccines and antibodies are discussed extensively in the following review. In addition, the potential uses of geminiviruses in medical biotechnology are explored. The uses of these expression vectors in plant biotechnology applications are also discussed. Finally, in this review, we project future prospects for plant viruses in the fields of medicine, human health, prophylaxis, and therapy of human diseases.
Topics: Animals; Biotechnology; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Comovirus; Global Health; Humans; Mice; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Plant Viruses; Potexvirus; Tobacco Mosaic Virus
PubMed: 34578279
DOI: 10.3390/v13091697 -
Virus Genes Feb 2021Plant viral satellites fall under the category of subviral agents. Their genomes are composed of small RNA or DNA molecules a few hundred nucleotides in length and... (Review)
Review
Plant viral satellites fall under the category of subviral agents. Their genomes are composed of small RNA or DNA molecules a few hundred nucleotides in length and contain an assortment of highly complex and overlapping functions. Each lacks the ability to either replicate or undergo encapsidation or both in the absence of a helper virus (HV). As the number of known satellites increases steadily, our knowledge regarding their sequence conservation strategies, means of replication and specific interactions with host and helper viruses is improving. This review demonstrates that the molecular interactions of these satellites are unique and highly complex, largely influenced by the highly specific host plants and helper viruses that they associate with. Circularized forms of single-stranded RNA are of particular interest, as they have recently been found to play a variety of novel cellular functions. Linear forms of satRNA are also of great significance as they may complement the helper virus genome in exacerbating symptoms, or in certain instances, actively compete against it, thus reducing symptom severity. This review serves to describe the current literature with respect to these molecular mechanisms in detail as well as to discuss recent insights into this emerging field in terms of evolution, classification and symptom development. The review concludes with a discussion of future steps in plant viral satellite research and development.
Topics: DNA, Satellite; DNA, Viral; Helper Viruses; Host Microbial Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; RNA, Satellite; RNA, Viral; Satellite Viruses; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33226576
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01806-9 -
Current Topics in Microbiology and... 2023Viruses are studied at each level of biological complexity: from within-cells to ecosystems. The same basic evolutionary forces and principles operate at each level:... (Review)
Review
Viruses are studied at each level of biological complexity: from within-cells to ecosystems. The same basic evolutionary forces and principles operate at each level: mutation and recombination, selection, genetic drift, migration, and adaptive trade-offs. Great efforts have been put into understanding each level in great detail, hoping to predict the dynamics of viral population, prevent virus emergence, and manage their spread and virulence. Unfortunately, we are still far from this. To achieve these ambitious goals, we advocate for an integrative perspective of virus evolution. Focusing in plant viruses, we illustrate the pervasiveness of the above-mentioned principles. Beginning at the within-cell level, we describe replication modes, infection bottlenecks, and cellular contagion rates. Next, we move up to the colonization of distal tissues, discussing the fundamental role of random events. Then, we jump beyond the individual host and discuss the link between transmission mode and virulence. Finally, at the community level, we discuss properties of virus-plant infection networks. To close this review we propose the multilayer network theory, in which elements at different layers are connected and submit to their own dynamics that feed across layers, resulting in new emerging properties, as a way to integrate information from the different levels.
Topics: Humans; Ecosystem; Plant Viruses; Virus Diseases; Adaptation, Physiological; Mutation
PubMed: 36592246
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-15640-3_5 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2021Infectious virus capsids or virions are considered static structures and undergo various conformational transitions to replicate and infect a wide range of eukaryotic... (Review)
Review
Infectious virus capsids or virions are considered static structures and undergo various conformational transitions to replicate and infect a wide range of eukaryotic cells. Therefore, virus capsids must be stable enough to overcome the physicochemical environment and flexible enough to reorganize their biologically relevant surface peptides for optimal interaction with the host machinery. Although viral capsid fluctuations, referred to as dynamics or breathing, have been well studied in RNA viruses pathogenic to animals, such information is limited among plant viruses. However, more recent attempts have been made in characterizing the capsid dynamics in the plant virus genus bromovirus characterized by having a tripartite, positive-sense RNA genome. Using the available research data on the genus bromovirus members, this review is focused on updating the readers on the interrelationships between the viral capsid dynamics and host-pathogen interactions.
Topics: Bromovirus; Capsid; Genome, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Diseases; RNA, Viral; Viral Proteins; Virion; Virus Assembly; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33517133
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.12.005 -
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions :... Jan 2020Plasmodesmata (PD) are essential for intercellular trafficking of molecules required for plant life, from small molecules like sugars and ions to macromolecules... (Review)
Review
Plasmodesmata (PD) are essential for intercellular trafficking of molecules required for plant life, from small molecules like sugars and ions to macromolecules including proteins and RNA molecules that act as signals to regulate plant development and defense. As obligate intracellular pathogens, plant viruses have evolved to manipulate this communication system to facilitate the initial cell-to-cell and eventual systemic spread in their plant hosts. There has been considerable interest in how viruses manipulate the PD that connect the protoplasts of neighboring cells, and viruses have yielded invaluable tools for probing the structure and function of PD. With recent advances in biochemistry and imaging, we have gained new insights into the composition and structure of PD in the presence and absence of viruses. Here, we first discuss viral strategies for manipulating PD for their intercellular movement and examine how this has shed light on our understanding of native PD function. We then address the controversial role of the cytoskeleton in trafficking to and through PD. Finally, we address how viruses could alter PD structure and consider possible mechanisms of the phenomenon described as 'gating'. This discussion supports the significance of virus research in elucidating the properties of PD, these persistently enigmatic plant organelles.
Topics: Cytoskeleton; Plant Development; Plant Viruses; Plants; Plasmodesmata; Protein Transport; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31715107
DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-07-19-0212-FI -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Feb 2020Plants and fungi are closely associated through parasitic or symbiotic relationships in which bidirectional exchanges of cellular contents occur. Recently, a plant virus...
Plants and fungi are closely associated through parasitic or symbiotic relationships in which bidirectional exchanges of cellular contents occur. Recently, a plant virus was shown to be transmitted from a plant to a fungus, but it is unknown whether fungal viruses can also cross host barriers and spread to plants. In this study, we investigated the infectivity of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1, family ), a capsidless, positive-sense (+), single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fungal virus in a model plant, CHV1 replicated in mechanically inoculated leaves but did not spread systemically, but coinoculation with an unrelated plant (+)ssRNA virus, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV, family ), or other plant RNA viruses, enabled CHV1 to systemically infect the plant. Likewise, CHV1 systemically infected transgenic plants expressing the TMV movement protein, and coinfection with TMV further enhanced CHV1 accumulation in these plants. Conversely, CHV1 infection increased TMV accumulation when TMV was introduced into a plant pathogenic fungus, In the in planta inoculation experiment, we demonstrated that TMV infection of either the plant or the fungus enabled the horizontal transfer of CHV1 from the fungus to the plant, whereas CHV1 infection enhanced fungal acquisition of TMV. Our results demonstrate two-way facilitative interactions between the plant and fungal viruses that promote cross-kingdom virus infections and suggest the presence of plant-fungal-mediated routes for dissemination of fungal and plant viruses in nature.
Topics: Fungal Viruses; Fusarium; Plant Diseases; Plant Viruses; Nicotiana; Tobacco Mosaic Virus
PubMed: 32015104
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915996117 -
Seminars in Cancer Biology Nov 2022Plant virus nanoparticles (PVNPs) have inherent immune stimulatory ability, and have been investigated as immune adjuvants to stimulate an anti-tumor immune response.... (Review)
Review
Plant virus nanoparticles (PVNPs) have inherent immune stimulatory ability, and have been investigated as immune adjuvants to stimulate an anti-tumor immune response. The combination of immune stimulation, nanoparticle structure and the ability to deliver other therapeutic molecules provides a flexible platform for cancer immunotherapy. Researching multifunctional PVNPs and their modification will generate novel reagents for cancer immunotherapy. Here we review the properties of PVNPs, and their potential for clinical utilization to activate anti-tumor innate and lymphoid immune responses. PVNPs have potential utility for cancer immunotherapy as vaccine adjuvant, and delivery systems for other reagents as mono immunotherapy or combined with other immunotherapies. This review outlines the potential and challenges in developing PVNPs as cancer immunotherapy reagents.
Topics: Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms; Nanoparticles; Plant Viruses; Immunologic Factors; Cancer Vaccines
PubMed: 34375725
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.018 -
Viruses Dec 2022The genomes of RNA viruses may be monopartite or multipartite, and sub-genomic particles such as defective RNAs (D RNAs) or satellite RNAs (satRNAs) can be associated... (Review)
Review
The genomes of RNA viruses may be monopartite or multipartite, and sub-genomic particles such as defective RNAs (D RNAs) or satellite RNAs (satRNAs) can be associated with some of them. D RNAs are small, deletion mutants of a virus that have lost essential functions for independent replication, encapsidation and/or movement. D RNAs are common elements associated with human and animal viruses, and they have been described for numerous plant viruses so far. Over 30 years of studies on D RNAs allow for some general conclusions to be drawn. First, the essential condition for D RNA formation is prolonged passaging of the virus at a high cellular multiplicity of infection (MOI) in one host. Second, recombination plays crucial roles in D RNA formation. Moreover, during virus propagation, D RNAs evolve, and the composition of the particle depends on, e.g., host plant, virus isolate or number of passages. Defective RNAs are often engaged in transient interactions with full-length viruses-they can modulate accumulation, infection dynamics and virulence, and are widely used, i.e., as a tool for research on -acting elements crucial for viral replication. Nevertheless, many questions regarding the generation and role of D RNAs in pathogenesis remain open. In this review, we summarise the knowledge about D RNAs of plant viruses obtained so far.
Topics: Animals; Humans; RNA, Viral; Plant Viruses; RNA Viruses; RNA, Satellite; Virus Replication; Defective Viruses
PubMed: 36560818
DOI: 10.3390/v14122814 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Plant viruses such as brome mosaic virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus are effectively purified through PEG precipitation and sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation....
Plant viruses such as brome mosaic virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus are effectively purified through PEG precipitation and sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation. Increasing ionic strength and an alkaline pH cause the viruses to swell and disassemble into coat protein subunits. The coat proteins can be reassembled into stable virus-like particles (VLPs) that carry anionic molecules at low ionic strength and through two-step dialysis from neutral pH to acidic buffer. VLPs have been extensively studied due to their ability to protect and deliver cargo, particularly RNA, while avoiding degradation under physiological conditions. Furthermore, chemical functionalization of the surface of VLPs allows for the targeted drug delivery. VLPs derived from plants have demonstrated great potential in nanomedicine by offering a versatile platform for drug delivery, imaging, and therapeutic applications.
Topics: Plant Viruses; Capsid Proteins; Virion; Bromovirus; RNA; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 38907930
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3918-4_24