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Current Opinion in Plant Biology Dec 2019Membranes show a tremendous variety of lipids and proteins operating biochemistry, transport and signalling. The dynamics and the organization of membrane constituents... (Review)
Review
Membranes show a tremendous variety of lipids and proteins operating biochemistry, transport and signalling. The dynamics and the organization of membrane constituents are regulated in space and time to execute precise functions. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that shape and govern membrane subcompartmentalization and inter-organelle contact sites still remains limited. Here, we review some reported mechanisms implicated in regulating plant membrane domains including those of plasma membrane, plastids, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Finally, we discuss several state-of-the-art methods that allow nowadays researchers to decipher the architecture of these structures at the molecular and atomic level.
Topics: Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Intracellular Membranes; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Membranes; Plastids
PubMed: 31546133
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.003 -
Developmental Cell Aug 2023Membranes are essential for life. They act as semi-permeable boundaries that define cells and organelles. In addition, their surfaces actively participate in biochemical... (Review)
Review
Membranes are essential for life. They act as semi-permeable boundaries that define cells and organelles. In addition, their surfaces actively participate in biochemical reaction networks, where they confine proteins, align reaction partners, and directly control enzymatic activities. Membrane-localized reactions shape cellular membranes, define the identity of organelles, compartmentalize biochemical processes, and can even be the source of signaling gradients that originate at the plasma membrane and reach into the cytoplasm and nucleus. The membrane surface is, therefore, an essential platform upon which myriad cellular processes are scaffolded. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the biophysics and biochemistry of membrane-localized reactions with particular focus on insights derived from reconstituted and cellular systems. We discuss how the interplay of cellular factors results in their self-organization, condensation, assembly, and activity, and the emergent properties derived from them.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Membranes; Signal Transduction; Cell Nucleus
PubMed: 37419118
DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.06.001 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Plasma membrane provides a biophysical and biochemical platform for immune cells to trigger signaling cascades and immune responses against attacks from foreign... (Review)
Review
Plasma membrane provides a biophysical and biochemical platform for immune cells to trigger signaling cascades and immune responses against attacks from foreign pathogens or tumor cells. Mounting evidence suggests that the biophysical-chemical properties of this platform, including complex compositions of lipids and cholesterols, membrane tension, and electrical potential, could cooperatively regulate the immune receptor functions. However, the molecular mechanism is still unclear because of the tremendous compositional complexity and spatio-temporal dynamics of the plasma membrane. Here, we review the recent significant progress of dynamical regulation of plasma membrane on immune receptors, including T cell receptor, B cell receptor, Fc receptor, and other important immune receptors, to proceed mechano-chemical sensing and transmembrane signal transduction. We also discuss how biophysical-chemical cues couple together to dynamically tune the receptor's structural conformation or orientation, distribution, and organization, thereby possibly impacting their ligand binding and related signal transduction. Moreover, we propose that electrical potential could potentially induce the biophysical-chemical coupling change, such as lipid distribution and membrane tension, to inevitably regulate immune receptor activation.
Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Cell Membrane; Chemical Phenomena; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Humans; Mechanical Phenomena; Membrane Lipids; Protein Binding; Receptors, Immunologic; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33679752
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.613185 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Feb 2020In various biological processes, phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) that is normally sequestered to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) is exposed to the cell... (Review)
Review
In various biological processes, phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) that is normally sequestered to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) is exposed to the cell surface. When platelets are activated, they expose PtdSer to activate the blood-clotting factors. Cells undergoing apoptosis and senescent neutrophils expose PtdSer that is recognized as an 'eat me' signal by phagocytes for clearance. The PtdSer-exposure and its internalization are mediated by phospholipid scramblases and flippases, respectively. Both have recently been molecularly identified, and their functional mechanism and physiological roles are being elucidated.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Cell Membrane; Humans; Models, Molecular; Phosphatidylserines
PubMed: 31837595
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.11.009 -
Current Medicinal Chemistry 2020Nanomaterials have become part of our daily lives, particularly nanoparticles contained in food, water, cosmetics, additives and textiles. Nanoparticles interact with... (Review)
Review
Nanomaterials have become part of our daily lives, particularly nanoparticles contained in food, water, cosmetics, additives and textiles. Nanoparticles interact with organisms at the cellular level. The cell membrane is the first protective barrier against the potential toxic effect of nanoparticles. This first contact, including the interaction between the cell membranes -and associated proteins- and the nanoparticles is critically reviewed here. Nanoparticles, depending on their toxicity, can cause cellular physiology alterations, such as a disruption in cell signaling or changes in gene expression and they can trigger immune responses and even apoptosis. Additionally, the fundamental thermodynamics behind the nanoparticle-membrane and nanoparticle-proteins-membrane interactions are discussed. The analysis is intended to increase our insight into the mechanisms involved in these interactions. Finally, consequences are reviewed and discussed.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Cosmetics; Nanoparticles; Nanostructures; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 30417768
DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181112090648 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Oct 2022Intracellular compartments engage in extensive communication with one another, an essential ability for cells to respond and adapt to changing environmental and... (Review)
Review
Intracellular compartments engage in extensive communication with one another, an essential ability for cells to respond and adapt to changing environmental and developmental conditions. The plasma membrane (PM), as the interface between the cellular and the outside media, plays a central role in the perception and relay of information about external stimuli, which needs to be ultimately addressed to the relevant subcellular organelles. Interest in PM-organelle communication has increased dramatically in recent years, as examples arise that illustrate different strategies through which information from the PM can be transmitted. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms enabling PM-to-organelle communication in plants, specifically in biotic and abiotic stress signaling.
Topics: Cell Membrane; Communication; Organelles; Plants; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 35939892
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102269 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Mechanical cues are crucial for survival, adaptation, and normal homeostasis in virtually every cell type. The transduction of mechanical messages into intracellular... (Review)
Review
Mechanical cues are crucial for survival, adaptation, and normal homeostasis in virtually every cell type. The transduction of mechanical messages into intracellular biochemical messages is termed mechanotransduction. While significant advances in biochemical signaling have been made in the last few decades, the role of mechanotransduction in physiological and pathological processes has been largely overlooked until recently. In this review, the role of interactions between the cytoskeleton and cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesions in transducing mechanical signals is discussed. In addition, mechanosensors that reside in the cell membrane and the transduction of mechanical signals to the nucleus are discussed. Finally, we describe two examples in which mechanotransduction plays a significant role in normal physiology and disease development. The first example is the role of mechanotransduction in the proliferation and metastasis of cancerous cells. In this system, the role of mechanotransduction in cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and motility, is described. In the second example, the role of mechanotransduction in a mechanically active organ, the gastrointestinal tract, is described. In the gut, mechanotransduction contributes to normal physiology and the development of motility disorders.
Topics: Animals; Cell Membrane; Cell Nucleus; Cytoskeleton; Focal Adhesions; Humans; Mechanotransduction, Cellular
PubMed: 34768998
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111566 -
The Biochemical Journal Jun 2020Endocytosis mediates the cellular uptake of micronutrients and cell surface proteins. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the housekeeping pathway in resting cells... (Review)
Review
Endocytosis mediates the cellular uptake of micronutrients and cell surface proteins. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the housekeeping pathway in resting cells but additional Clathrin-independent endocytic (CIE) routes, including Fast Endophilin-Mediated Endocytosis (FEME), internalize specific cargoes and support diverse cellular functions. FEME is part of the Dynamin-dependent subgroup of CIE pathways. Here, we review our current understanding of the molecular mechanism of FEME. Key steps are: (i) priming, (ii) cargo selection, (iii) membrane curvature and carrier formation, (iv) membrane scission and (v) cytosolic transport. All steps are controlled by regulatory mechanisms mediated by phosphoinositides and by kinases such as Src, LRRK2, Cdk5 and GSK3β. A key feature of FEME is that it is not constitutively active but triggered upon the stimulation of selected cell surface receptors by their ligands. In resting cells, there is a priming cycle that concentrates Endophilin into clusters on discrete locations of the plasma membrane. In the absence of receptor activation, the patches quickly abort and new cycles are initiated nearby, constantly priming the plasma membrane for FEME. Upon activation, receptors are swiftly sorted into pre-existing Endophilin clusters, which then bud to form FEME carriers within 10 s. We summarize the hallmarks of FEME and the techniques and assays required to identify it. Next, we review similarities and differences with other CIE pathways and proposed cargoes that may use FEME to enter cells. Finally, we submit pending questions and future milestones and discuss the exciting perspectives that targeting FEME may boost treatments against cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Endocytosis; Humans
PubMed: 32589750
DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20190342 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2023The plasma membrane is not a uniform phospholipid bilayer; it has specialized membrane nano- or microdomains called lipid rafts. Lipid rafts are small cholesterol and... (Review)
Review
The plasma membrane is not a uniform phospholipid bilayer; it has specialized membrane nano- or microdomains called lipid rafts. Lipid rafts are small cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich plasma membrane islands. Although their existence was long debated, their presence in the plasma membrane of living cells is now well accepted with the advent of super-resolution imaging techniques. It is interesting to note that lipid rafts function to compartmentalize receptors and their regulators and substantially modulate cellular signaling. In this review, we will examine the role of lipid rafts and caveolae-lipid raft-like microdomains with a distinct 3D morphology-in cellular signaling. Moreover, we will investigate how raft compartmentalized signaling regulates diverse physiological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, immune signaling, and development. Also, the deregulation of lipid raft-mediated signaling during tumorigenesis and metastasis will be explored.
Topics: Membrane Microdomains; Cell Membrane; Caveolae; Signal Transduction; Phospholipids
PubMed: 36648750
DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_759 -
Cancer Gene Therapy Feb 2021The plasma membrane is made of glycerophospholipids that separate the inner and outer parts of the cell. Under physiological conditions, it acts as a barrier and...
The plasma membrane is made of glycerophospholipids that separate the inner and outer parts of the cell. Under physiological conditions, it acts as a barrier and gatekeeper to protect cells from the environment. In pathological situations, it undergoes structural and functional changes, resulting in cell damage. Indeed, plasma membrane damage caused by various stresses (e.g., hypoxia, nutritional deficiencies, ultraviolet radiation, and chemotherapeutic agents) is one of the hallmarks of cell death. Phosphatidylserine exposure and plasma membrane blebbing usually occurs in apoptotic cells, while necrotic cells lose the integrity of the plasma membrane and thereby release intracellular damage-associated molecular patterns. In contrast, the endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III), an evolutionarily conserved protein complex with membrane fission machinery, plays a key role in the repair of damaged plasma membranes in various types of regulated cell death, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. These emerging findings indicate that ESCRT-III is a potential target to overcome drug resistance during tumor therapy.
Topics: Cell Death; Cell Membrane; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport; Humans
PubMed: 32669618
DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0200-0