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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Feb 2021Plasmodesmata are intercellular pores connecting together most plant cells. These structures consist of a central constricted form of the endoplasmic reticulum,... (Review)
Review
Plasmodesmata are intercellular pores connecting together most plant cells. These structures consist of a central constricted form of the endoplasmic reticulum, encircled by some cytoplasmic space, in turn delimited by the plasma membrane, itself ultimately surrounded by the cell wall. The presence and structure of plasmodesmata create multiple routes for intercellular trafficking of a large spectrum of molecules (encompassing RNAs, proteins, hormones and metabolites) and also enable local signalling events. Movement across plasmodesmata is finely controlled in order to balance processes requiring communication with those necessitating symplastic isolation. Here, we describe the identities and roles of the molecular components (specific sets of lipids, proteins and wall polysaccharides) that shape and define plasmodesmata structural and functional domains. We highlight the extensive and dynamic interactions that exist between the plasma/endoplasmic reticulum membranes, cytoplasm and cell wall domains, binding them together to effectively define plasmodesmata shapes and purposes.
Topics: Biological Transport; Cell Communication; Cell Wall; Cytoplasmic Structures; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Membrane Lipids; Plant Proteins; Plants; Plasmodesmata; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 32920696
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03622-8 -
Molecular Plant Mar 2020Scientific progress in recent years has significantly unraveled several unique structural and functional aspects of the plasmodesmata (PD), such as demonstrating the...
Scientific progress in recent years has significantly unraveled several unique structural and functional aspects of the plasmodesmata (PD), such as demonstrating the presence of detergent-insoluble membrane microdomains enriched in sterols and sphingolipids. A recent study now shows that one of the sphingolipids, t18:0 phytoshinganine, binds to PD localizing protein 5 (PDLP5) and increases retention of PDLP5 at PD, which is known to be associated with reduced PD permeability. The dynamic interaction between lipids and PD-associated proteins assemble yet another piece of the PD puzzle.
Topics: Biological Transport; Cell Membrane; Lipid Metabolism; Plants
PubMed: 32004639
DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.01.012 -
Plant Science : An International... Oct 2023Ovules are precursors of seeds and contain sporophytic integuments and gametophytic embryo sac. In Arabidopsis, embryo sac development requires highly synchronized... (Review)
Review
Ovules are precursors of seeds and contain sporophytic integuments and gametophytic embryo sac. In Arabidopsis, embryo sac development requires highly synchronized morphogenesis of integument such that defects in integument growth often accompanies with a block in megagametogenesis, indicating that integument instructs the development of female gametophytes. In this mini review, we discuss signaling pathways through which integument cells mediate embryo sac development. We also propose ways to identify key signaling factors for the communication between integument and developing female gametophyte.
Topics: Ovule; Signal Transduction; Arabidopsis; Seeds; Arabidopsis Proteins
PubMed: 37574141
DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111829 -
Membranes Jun 2021Cotton fiber is an extremely elongated single cell derived from the ovule epidermis and is an ideal model for studying cell development. The plasma membrane is... (Review)
Review
Cotton fiber is an extremely elongated single cell derived from the ovule epidermis and is an ideal model for studying cell development. The plasma membrane is tremendously expanded and accompanied by the coordination of various physiological and biochemical activities on the membrane, one of the three major systems of a eukaryotic cell. This review compiles the recent progress and advances for the roles of the membrane in cotton fiber development: the functions of membrane lipids, especially the fatty acids, sphingolipids, and phytosterols; membrane channels, including aquaporins, the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, vacuolar invertase, and plasmodesmata; and the regulation mechanism of membrane proteins, such as membrane binding enzymes, annexins, and receptor-like kinases.
PubMed: 34202386
DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070471 -
Trends in Plant Science Aug 2021Successful plant organ development depends on well-coordinated intercellular communication between the cells of the organ itself, as well as with surrounding cells.... (Review)
Review
Successful plant organ development depends on well-coordinated intercellular communication between the cells of the organ itself, as well as with surrounding cells. Intercellular signals often move via the symplasmic pathway using plasmodesmata. Intriguingly, brief periods of symplasmic isolation may also be necessary to promote organ differentiation and functionality. Recent findings suggest that symplasmic isolation of a subset of parental root cells and newly forming lateral root primordia (LRPs) plays a vital role in modulating lateral root development and emergence. In this opinion article we discuss how two symplasmic domains may be simultaneously established within an LRP and its overlying cells, and the significance of plasmodesmata in this process.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Cell Differentiation; Plant Roots; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 33685810
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.01.006 -
Journal of Experimental Botany May 2021Be it a small herb or a large tree, intra- and intercellular communication and long-distance signalling between distant organs are crucial for every aspect of plant... (Review)
Review
Be it a small herb or a large tree, intra- and intercellular communication and long-distance signalling between distant organs are crucial for every aspect of plant development. The vascular system, comprising xylem and phloem, acts as a major conduit for the transmission of long-distance signals in plants. In addition to expanding our knowledge of vascular development, numerous reports in the past two decades revealed that selective populations of RNAs, proteins, and phytohormones function as mobile signals. Many of these signals were shown to regulate diverse physiological processes, such as flowering, leaf and root development, nutrient acquisition, crop yield, and biotic/abiotic stress responses. In this review, we summarize the significant discoveries made in the past 25 years, with emphasis on key mobile signalling molecules (mRNAs, proteins including RNA-binding proteins, and small RNAs) that have revolutionized our understanding of how plants integrate various intrinsic and external cues in orchestrating growth and development. Additionally, we provide detailed insights on the emerging molecular mechanisms that might control the selective trafficking and delivery of phloem-mobile RNAs to target tissues. We also highlight the cross-kingdom movement of mobile signals during plant-parasite relationships. Considering the dynamic functions of these signals, their implications in crop improvement are also discussed.
Topics: Cell Communication; Phloem; Plant Development; Plants; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33682884
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab048 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Feb 2020Plasmodesmata pores control the entry and exit of molecules at cell-to-cell boundaries. Hundreds of pores perforate the plant cell wall, connecting cells together and... (Review)
Review
Plasmodesmata pores control the entry and exit of molecules at cell-to-cell boundaries. Hundreds of pores perforate the plant cell wall, connecting cells together and establishing direct cytosolic and membrane continuity. This ability to connect cells in such a way is a hallmark of plant physiology and is thought to have allowed sessile multicellularity in Plantae kingdom. Indeed, plasmodesmata-mediated cell-to-cell signalling is fundamental to many plant-related processes. In fact, there are so many facets of plant biology under the control of plasmodesmata that it is hard to conceive how such tiny structures can do so much. While they provide 'open doors' between cells, they also need to guarantee cellular identities and territories by selectively transporting molecules. Although plasmodesmata operating mode remains difficult to grasp, little by little plant scientists are divulging their secrets. In this review, we highlight novel functions of cell-to-cell signalling and share recent insights into how plasmodesmata structural and molecular signatures confer functional specificity and plasticity to these unique cellular machines.
Topics: Cell Communication; Cell Membrane; Cell Wall; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plasmodesmata
PubMed: 31805513
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.10.009 -
Progress in Biophysics and Molecular... Jan 2020Non-equilibrium-statistical models of intracellular transport are built. The most significant features of these models are microscopic reversibility and the explicit... (Review)
Review
Non-equilibrium-statistical models of intracellular transport are built. The most significant features of these models are microscopic reversibility and the explicit considerations of the driving forces of the process - the ATP-ADP chemical potential difference. In this paper, water transport using contractile vacuoles, the transport and assembly of microtubules and microfilaments, the protein distribution within a cell, the transport of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft and the transport of substances between cells using plasmodesmata are discussed. Endocytosis and phagocytosis models are considered, and transport tasks and information transfer mechanisms inside the cell are explored. Based on an analysis of chloroplast movement, it was concluded that they have a complicated method of influencing each other in the course of their movements. The role of quantum effects in sorting and control transport mechanisms is also discussed. It is likely that quantum effects play a large role in these processes, otherwise reliable molecular recognition would be impossible, which would lead to very low intracellular transport efficiency.
Topics: Amines; Animals; Biological Transport; Cell Communication; Cell Membrane; Endocytosis; Glycine; Humans; Ion Channels; Microtubules; Models, Biological; Nucleic Acids; Phagocytosis; Quantum Theory; Signal Transduction; Water; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
PubMed: 31678255
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.10.004 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2021Plants are constantly exposed to a wide range of potential pathogens and to protect themselves, have developed a variety of chemical and physical defense mechanisms.... (Review)
Review
Plants are constantly exposed to a wide range of potential pathogens and to protect themselves, have developed a variety of chemical and physical defense mechanisms. Callose is a β-(1,3)-D-glucan that is widely distributed in higher plants. In addition to its role in normal growth and development, callose plays an important role in plant defense. Callose is deposited between the plasma membrane and the cell wall at the site of pathogen attack, at the plasmodesmata, and on other plant tissues to slow pathogen invasion and spread. Since it was first reported more than a century ago, defense-related callose deposition has been extensively studied in a wide-spectrum of plant-pathogen systems. Over the past 20 years or so, a large number of studies have been published that address the dynamic nature of pathogen-induced callose deposition, the complex regulation of synthesis and transport of defense-related callose and associated callose synthases, and its important roles in plant defense responses. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the regulation and function of defense-related callose deposition in plants and discuss both the progresses and future challenges in addressing this complex defense mechanism as a critical component of a plant immune system.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Glucans; Glucosyltransferases; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 33673633
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052393 -
Developmental Cell Jul 2020Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a protein kinase that coordinates metabolism with nutrient and energy availability in eukaryotes. TOR and its primary interactors, RAPTOR... (Review)
Review
Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a protein kinase that coordinates metabolism with nutrient and energy availability in eukaryotes. TOR and its primary interactors, RAPTOR and LST8, have been remarkably evolutionarily static since they arose in the unicellular last common ancestor of plants, fungi, and animals, but the upstream regulatory mechanisms and downstream effectors of TOR signaling have evolved considerable diversity in these separate lineages. Here, I focus on the roles of exaptation and adaptation in the evolution of novel signaling axes in the TOR network in multicellular eukaryotes, concentrating especially on amino acid sensing, cell-cell signaling, and cell differentiation.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Eukaryota; Signal Transduction; Sirolimus; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 32649861
DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.06.022