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Viruses Mar 2022Viral replication and transmissibility are the principal causes of endemic and pandemic disease threats. There remains a need for broad-spectrum antiviral agents. The... (Review)
Review
Viral replication and transmissibility are the principal causes of endemic and pandemic disease threats. There remains a need for broad-spectrum antiviral agents. The most common respiratory viruses are endemic agents such as coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, and influenza viruses. Although vaccines are available for SARS-CoV-2 and some influenza viruses, there is a paucity of effective antiviral drugs, while for RSV there is no vaccine available, and therapeutic treatments are very limited. We have previously shown that probenecid is safe and effective in limiting influenza A virus replication and SARS-CoV-2 replication, along with strong evidence showing inhibition of RSV replication in vitro and in vivo. This review article will describe the antiviral activity profile of probenecid against these three viruses.
Topics: Drug Repositioning; Humans; Orthomyxoviridae; Probenecid; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 35337018
DOI: 10.3390/v14030612 -
Enfermedades Infecciosas Y... 2023
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; COVID-19; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses
PubMed: 37076333
DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2023.01.006 -
Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) Sep 2023
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Vaccination; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
PubMed: 37561182
DOI: 10.1007/s00108-023-01552-8 -
Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 2024
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 38486441
DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2024.2331764 -
Journal of the National Medical... Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Influenza, Human; COVID-19; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Hospitalization
PubMed: 36509504
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2022.12.010 -
Is IL-1β a Target for Reducing Hospitalization of Infants Infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus?American Journal of Respiratory Cell... Mar 2022
Topics: Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 34905715
DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0457ED -
British Journal of Pharmacology Feb 2021Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important infectious agent in infants and young children. In most cases, RSV infection only causes mild disease, but in some, it... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important infectious agent in infants and young children. In most cases, RSV infection only causes mild disease, but in some, it requires invasive ventilation. Although antiviral drugs are obvious candidates to treat viral illness, and some have shown antiviral effects in humans, antivirals such as GS-5806, ALX-0171 and ALS-8176 have not yet met their expectations. Since the inappropriate or dysregulated immune response against RSV leads to harmful immune pathology, a robust immune cascade is probably underway by the time patients reach the hospital. RSV infection is associated with a strong neutrophil influx into the airway. It not clear if these cells contribute to antiviral defence or to lung pathology. This article discusses the protective and harmful roles of neutrophils during RSV infection and provides an overview of mechanisms by which neutrophil function could be targeted to prevent tissue injury and preserve homeostasis.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Lung; Neutrophils; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 33169387
DOI: 10.1111/bph.15318 -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Jan 2023External quality assessments (EQAs) for the molecular detection of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are necessary to ensure the standardisation of reliable...
BACKGROUND
External quality assessments (EQAs) for the molecular detection of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are necessary to ensure the standardisation of reliable results. The Phase II, 2019-2020 World Health Organization (WHO) RSV EQA included 28 laboratories in 26 countries. The EQA panel evaluated performance in the molecular detection and subtyping of RSV-A and RSV-B. This manuscript describes the preparation, distribution, and analysis of the 2019-2020 WHO RSV EQA.
METHODS
Panel isolates underwent whole genome sequencing and in silico primer matching. The final panel included nine contemporary, one historical virus and two negative controls. The EQA panel was manufactured and distributed by the UK National External Quality Assessment Service (UK NEQAS). National laboratories used WHO reference assays developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an RSV subtyping assay developed by the Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory (Australia), or other in-house or commercial assays already in use at their laboratories.
RESULTS
An in silico analysis of isolates showed a good match to assay primer/probes. The panel was distributed to 28 laboratories. Isolates were correctly identified in 98% of samples for detection and 99.6% for subtyping.
CONCLUSIONS
The WHO RSV EQA 2019-2020 showed that laboratories performed at high standards. Updating the composition of RSV molecular EQAs with contemporary strains to ensure representation of circulating strains, and ensuring primer matching with EQA panel viruses, is advantageous in assessing diagnostic competencies of laboratories. Ongoing EQAs are recommended because of continued evolution of mismatches between current circulating strains and existing primer sets.
Topics: United States; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Laboratories; Viruses; World Health Organization; Australia
PubMed: 36824313
DOI: 10.1111/irv.13073 -
Advances in Virus Research 2023Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory illness in young children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals worldwide representing a severe...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory illness in young children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals worldwide representing a severe burden for health systems. The urgent development of vaccines or specific antivirals against RSV is impaired by the lack of knowledge regarding its replication mechanisms. RSV is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus belonging to the Mononegavirales order (MNV) which includes other viruses pathogenic to humans as Rabies (RabV), Ebola (EBOV), or measles (MeV) viruses. Transcription and replication of viral genomes occur within cytoplasmatic virus-induced spherical inclusions, commonly referred as inclusion bodies (IBs). Recently IBs were shown to exhibit properties of membrane-less organelles (MLO) arising by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Compartmentalization of viral RNA synthesis steps in viral-induced MLO is indeed a common feature of MNV. Strikingly these key compartments still remain mysterious. Most of our current knowledge on IBs relies on the use of fluorescence microscopy. The ability to fluorescently label IBs in cells has been key to uncover their dynamics and nature. The generation of recombinant viruses expressing a fluorescently-labeled viral protein and the immunolabeling or the expression of viral fusion proteins known to be recruited in IBs are some of the tools used to visualize IBs in infected cells. In this chapter, microscope techniques and the most relevant studies that have shed light on RSV IBs fundamental aspects, including biogenesis, organization and dynamics are being discussed and brought to light with the investigations carried out on other MNV.
Topics: Humans; Cell Line; Inclusion Bodies; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Virus Replication
PubMed: 37524479
DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.06.001 -
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Dec 2022The highest morbidity and mortality from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection occurs in young infants. Immunization of expectant mothers during pregnancy has the... (Review)
Review
The highest morbidity and mortality from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection occurs in young infants. Immunization of expectant mothers during pregnancy has the potential to substantially reduce the burden of RSV disease in a majority of infants. Correlates of protection (COP) are important in guiding the development of maternal RSV vaccines and the design of maternal RSV vaccine trials, as immune response to candidate vaccines should mirror protective RSV immunity at birth. Here, we review the literature reporting correlations between RSV immune measures at birth and clinical RSV outcomes during infancy. Less than a dozen studies have investigated immunological COP with RSV disease or related hospitalization, yielding inconsistent findings overall. The differences in findings between studies could be due to differences in inclusion/exclusion criteria (e.g., the inclusion of older infants who may benefit less from maternal antibodies or infants followed during inter-seasonal periods where RSV is absent), differences in semi-quantitative RSV antibody neutralization assays, or differences in RSV outcome measures such as the sensititivity/specificity of diagnostic tests. Future research in this field should seek to standardize RSV immunological measures and outcomes, expand the breadth of functional RSV measures beyond antibody neutralization, and consider infants' age and seasonality of RSV infection.
Topics: Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Female; Animals; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Antibodies, Viral; Sigmodontinae; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 35689745
DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08948-8