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Nature Reviews. Microbiology May 2022
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 35233104
DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00717-w -
Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of... Jun 2023Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among infants aged younger than 1 year, adults aged 65 years or older,... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among infants aged younger than 1 year, adults aged 65 years or older, and immunocompromised persons. Limited data exist on RSV infection in pregnancy and further research is needed. Strides are being made to develop vaccines, including vaccines for maternal immunization, as well as monoclonal antibodies for disease prevention.
Topics: Infant; Adult; Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Vaccination
PubMed: 37149320
DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2023.02.011 -
Viral Immunology Jan 2023Respiratory RNA viruses are a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections and contribute substantially to hospitalization among infants, elderly, and... (Review)
Review
Respiratory RNA viruses are a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections and contribute substantially to hospitalization among infants, elderly, and immunocompromised. Complete viral clearance from acute infections is not always achieved, leading to persistence. Certain chronic respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been associated with persistent infection by human respiratory syncytial virus and human rhinovirus, but it is still not clear whether RNA viruses really establish long-term infections as it has been recognized for DNA viruses as human bocavirus and adenoviruses. Herein, we summarize evidence of RNA virus persistence in the human respiratory tract, as well as in some animal models, to highlight how long-term infections might be related to development and/or maintenance of chronic respiratory symptoms.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Aged; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; RNA Viruses; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Asthma
PubMed: 36367976
DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0135 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Feb 2024The complement system, a key component of innate immunity, provides the first line of defense against bacterial infection; however, the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed... (Review)
Review
The complement system, a key component of innate immunity, provides the first line of defense against bacterial infection; however, the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed that it may also engender severe complications in the context of viral respiratory disease. Here, we review the mechanisms of complement activation and regulation and explore their roles in both protecting against infection and exacerbating disease. We discuss emerging evidence related to complement-targeted therapeutics in COVID-19 and compare the role of the complement in other respiratory viral diseases like influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. We review recent mechanistic studies and animal models that can be used for further investigation. Novel knockout studies are proposed to better understand the nuances of the activation of the complement system in respiratory viral diseases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; COVID-19; Pandemics; Complement System Proteins; Influenza, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 38368584
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05157-8 -
Expert Review of Vaccines 2023Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is one of the most common causes of acute respiratory tract infections in young children and the elderly. Infants and young... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is one of the most common causes of acute respiratory tract infections in young children and the elderly. Infants and young children aged <2 years and the elderly are at particular risk of severe infections requiring hospitalization.
AREAS COVERED
This narrative review summarizes the epidemiology of RSV infection in Korea, with a particular focus on infants and the elderly, where possible, and highlights the need for effective vaccinations against RSV. Relevant papers were identified from a search of PubMed up to December 2021.
EXPERT OPINION
RSV infection is associated with a significant burden of illness in infants and the elderly worldwide and accounts for a substantial number of hospital admissions due to severe lower respiratory tract infections in both of these age groups in Korea. Vaccination has the potential to reduce the burden of acute RSV-associated disease and long-term consequences such as asthma. Increased understanding of the immune response to RSV, including mucosal immunity, and the innate and adaptive immune responses is needed. Technological advances in vaccine platforms could provide better approaches for achieving a safe and effective vaccine-induced immune response.
Topics: Infant; Aged; Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Immunization; Vaccination; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Immunity, Mucosal; Republic of Korea; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 36960592
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2189459 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Oct 2021Analyses of the host transcriptional response to infection has proved to be an alternative diagnostic strategy to standard direct pathogen detection. This review... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Analyses of the host transcriptional response to infection has proved to be an alternative diagnostic strategy to standard direct pathogen detection. This review summarizes the value of applying blood and mucosal transcriptome analyses for the diagnosis and management of children with viral and bacterial infections.
RECENT FINDINGS
Over the years, studies have validated the concept that RNA transcriptional profiles derived from children with infectious diseases carry a pathogen-specific biosignature that can be qualitatively and quantitively measured. These biosignatures can be translated into a biologically meaningful context to improve patient diagnosis, as seen in children with tuberculosis, rhinovirus infections, febrile infants and children with pneumonia; understand disease pathogenesis (i.e. congenital CMV) and objectively classify patients according to clinical severity (i.e. respiratory syncytial virus).
SUMMARY
The global assessment of host RNA transcriptional immune responses has improved our understanding of the host-pathogen interactions in the clinical setting. It has shown the potential to be used in clinical situations wherein our current diagnostic tools are inadequate, guiding the diagnosis and classification of children with infectious diseases.
Topics: Bacterial Infections; Biomarkers; Child; Communicable Diseases; Gene Expression Profiling; Humans; Infant; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 34232136
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000750 -
Journal of Innate Immunity 2020The impact of respiratory virus infections on the health of children and adults can be very significant. Yet, in contrast to most other childhood infections as well as... (Review)
Review
The impact of respiratory virus infections on the health of children and adults can be very significant. Yet, in contrast to most other childhood infections as well as other viral and bacterial diseases, prophylactic vaccines or effective antiviral treatments against viral respiratory infections are either still not available, or provide only limited protection. Given the widespread prevalence, a general lack of natural sterilizing immunity, and/or high morbidity and lethality rates of diseases caused by influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, coronaviruses, and rhinoviruses, this difficult situation is a genuine societal challenge. A thorough understanding of the virus-host interactions during these respiratory infections will most probably be pivotal to ultimately meet these challenges. This review attempts to provide a comparative overview of the knowledge about an important part of the interaction between respiratory viruses and their host: the arms race between host innate immunity and viral innate immune evasion. Many, if not all, viruses, including the respiratory viruses listed above, suppress innate immune responses to gain a window of opportunity for efficient virus replication and setting-up of the infection. The consequences for the host's immune response are that it is often incomplete, delayed or diminished, or displays overly strong induction (after the delay) that may cause tissue damage. The affected innate immune response also impacts subsequent adaptive responses, and therefore viral innate immune evasion often undermines fully protective immunity. In this review, innate immune responses relevant for respiratory viruses with an RNA genome will briefly be summarized, and viral innate immune evasion based on shielding viral RNA species away from cellular innate immune sensors will be discussed from different angles. Subsequently, viral enzymatic activities that suppress innate immune responses will be discussed, including activities causing host shut-off and manipulation of stress granule formation. Furthermore, viral protease-mediated immune evasion and viral manipulation of the ubiquitin system will be addressed. Finally, perspectives for use of the reviewed knowledge for the development of novel antiviral strategies will be sketched.
Topics: Animals; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Signal Transduction; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31610541
DOI: 10.1159/000503030 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a ubiquitous pathogen of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children younger than 2 years of age, which is closely associated with... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a ubiquitous pathogen of viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children younger than 2 years of age, which is closely associated with recurrent wheezing and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Alveolar macrophages (AMs) located on the surface of the alveoli cavity are the important innate immune barrier in the respiratory tract. AMs are recognized as recruited airspace macrophages (RecAMs) and resident airspace macrophages (RAMs) based on their origins and roaming traits. AMs are polarized in the case of RSV infection, forming two macrophage phenotypes termed as M1-like and M2-like macrophages. Both M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages are involved in the modulation of inflammatory responses, among which M1 macrophages are capable of pro-inflammatory responses and M2 macrophages are capable of anti-proinflammatory responses and repair damaged tissues in the acute and convalescent phases of RSV infection. Polarized AMs affect disease progression through the alteration of immune cell surface phenotypes as well as participate in the regulation of T lymphocyte differentiation and the type of inflammatory response, which are closely associated with long-term AHR. In recent years, some progress have been made in the regulatory mechanism of AM polarization caused by RSV infection, which participates in acute respiratory inflammatory response and mediating AHR in infants. Here we summarized the role of RSV-infection-mediated AM polarization associated with AHR in infants.
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Macrophages, Alveolar; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Pneumonia; Inflammation
PubMed: 36341376
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012048 -
Vaccine Jun 2022Childhood Immunization is one of the critical strategies to decrease infant morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases, but primary immunization schedules for... (Review)
Review
Childhood Immunization is one of the critical strategies to decrease infant morbidity and mortality due to infectious diseases, but primary immunization schedules for infants in most countries start at 2 months of age. Childhood vaccines therefore begin providing adequate protection later in life, leaving infants vulnerable to infectious diseases and creating an immunity gap that results in higher morbidity and mortality among younger infants. Maternal immunization, the practice of vaccinating individuals during pregnancy, reduces the risk of infant infection primarily through the transfer of protective maternal antibodies to the fetus during late pregnancy. Although much progress has been made in public health policies to support maternal immunization research, inclusion of pregnant individuals and children in clinical trials remains challenging. This has resulted in paucity of evidence regarding safety and effectiveness of vaccines to support licensure of products intended for use during pregnancy and lactation to prevent disease in the infant. In addition, although safeguards for clinical research in pregnancy are supportive, experimental vaccines, e.g., Respiratory Syncytial Virus, are more complicated to study because data on safety, efficacy, and dosing are limited. This requires randomized controlled trials with safety monitoring for the mother, the fetus, and the infant with follow-up for at least 1 year or longer to assess long-term health outcomes that may be associated with peripartum vaccine exposure. The goal of this paper is to discuss the general regulatory considerations for clinical research to evaluate safety and effectiveness of vaccines administered during pregnancy to protect infants from disease. This could be useful to inform future vaccine trials. This discussion is not intended to provide agency guidance nor to articulate agency policy.
Topics: Child; Communicable Diseases; Female; Humans; Immunization; Infant; Pregnancy; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Vaccination; Vaccines
PubMed: 35570075
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.087 -
The Lancet. Microbe Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
PubMed: 37390835
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00195-7