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Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation... Aug 2021The goals of bracing in polio and postpolio are to optimize joint position and support weak muscles with the goal of reducing falls, reducing deformities, and optimizing... (Review)
Review
The goals of bracing in polio and postpolio are to optimize joint position and support weak muscles with the goal of reducing falls, reducing deformities, and optimizing energy conservation. Orthoses are primarily used in the lower extremities to optimize gait. Less frequently, upper extremity orthoses are required. Polio survivors are at increased risk of falls and injuries. Appropriate bracing and compliance with the prescribed device can prevent falls and injuries. The best orthotic results are often achieved with patients who have significant deficits but walk regularly, are well motivated, and are willing to adapt their gait for orthotic use.
Topics: Equipment Design; Gait Disorders, Neurologic; Humans; Lower Extremity; Orthotic Devices; Poliomyelitis; Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome; Upper Extremity
PubMed: 34175010
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2021.03.001 -
The Lancet. Microbe Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Global Health
PubMed: 38042153
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00371-3 -
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation... Aug 2021Survivors of poliomyelitis may experience long-term sequelae that put them at increased risk for injury, pain, cardiovascular deconditioning, and functional decline.... (Review)
Review
Survivors of poliomyelitis may experience long-term sequelae that put them at increased risk for injury, pain, cardiovascular deconditioning, and functional decline. Osteoporotic fractures and entrapment neuropathies, in particular, may result in greater impairments in one's mobility and ability to perform activities of daily living. Dysphagia may necessitate the use of compensatory swallow strategies to minimize aspiration risk. Comorbid conditions, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and stroke, are also very prevalent in this population. Risk factor modification, including diet, exercise, and medication compliance, is essential to achieve optimal health and function among survivors of poliomyelitis.
Topics: Comorbidity; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
PubMed: 34175017
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2021.02.010 -
Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Global Health
PubMed: 37400708
DOI: 10.1038/d41573-023-00107-8 -
Air Medical Journal 2023
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 36710036
DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2022.10.017 -
International Journal of Pediatric... Nov 2022This paper serves to review the historical progression of clinical, epidemiological and immunological evidence on the relationship between tonsillectomy and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This paper serves to review the historical progression of clinical, epidemiological and immunological evidence on the relationship between tonsillectomy and poliomyelitis and its influence on clinical medicine.
METHODS
A literature review was conducted using terms relating to poliomyelitis, tonsillectomy, and immunology. Primary sources published between 1900 and 2000 were reviewed, analyzed and evaluated based on their historical, clinical, epidemiological, scientific and immunological pertinence towards the relationship between tonsillectomy, and poliomyelitis during epidemics.
RESULTS
The first study proposing a relationship between poliomyelitis and tonsillectomy was a case report published in 1910 by Phillip Sheppard. In response, other physicians began conducting clinical and epidemiological studies investigating the relationship between recent tonsillectomy and poliomyelitis in children. While the results of many of these studies demonstrated an increased morbidity and mortality rate associated with poliomyelitis in children who underwent recent tonsillectomy, other studies claimed there was no connection. Opposing study results and diverging physician views on this relationship left the medical community divided on whether to recommend against elective tonsillectomies during poliomyelitis outbreaks. The relationship between tonsillectomy and poliomyelitis was established after many years of clinical and epidemiological studies. Further scientific and immunological investigations revealed the causal nature of this relationship.
Topics: Adenoids; Child; Elective Surgical Procedures; Humans; Palatine Tonsil; Poliomyelitis; Tonsillectomy
PubMed: 36067711
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2022.111290 -
Journal of the Pediatric Infectious... Dec 2019With the eradication of poliomyelitis in the United States, the appearance of acute flaccid myelitis outbreaks has raised questions regarding their causation. Review of... (Review)
Review
With the eradication of poliomyelitis in the United States, the appearance of acute flaccid myelitis outbreaks has raised questions regarding their causation. Review of the epidemiology, clinical aspects, and laboratory findings of bygone cases of poliomyelitis have revealed shows important similarities with those of newer cases of acute flaccid myelitis. Many occurrences are preceded by an apparent viral illness, and a number of viruses, particularly enteroviruses A71 and D68, can be isolated from respiratory or stool specimens. Our inability to detect these viruses in cerebrospinal fluid samples from these patients does not eliminate them as etiologic agents, because poliovirus is often not detected in cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with paralysis caused by poliomyelitis.
Topics: Central Nervous System Viral Diseases; Disease Outbreaks; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Myelitis; Neuromuscular Diseases; Paralysis; Poliomyelitis; United States
PubMed: 30888407
DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piz017 -
Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2020This essay argues that considering disability and disability history needs to be part of any history of epidemics. Recent scholarship has shown the many intersections of...
This essay argues that considering disability and disability history needs to be part of any history of epidemics. Recent scholarship has shown the many intersections of disability history and history of medicine. This essay argues that disability plays many roles in an epidemic from establishing pre-existing conditions, to affecting the acute phase of the disease, to creating lingering disabilities in the long aftermath. Histories of epidemics that ignore the many ways in which disability affects the experience of an epidemic are incomplete.
Topics: COVID-19; Disabled Persons; Epidemics; Historiography; History, 20th Century; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Smallpox
PubMed: 33775948
DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2020.0091 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Oct 2020Focusing on the key developments since January 2019, this review aims to inform policymakers and clinical practitioners on the latest on evolving global polio... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Focusing on the key developments since January 2019, this review aims to inform policymakers and clinical practitioners on the latest on evolving global polio epidemiology and scientific advancements to guide strategies for eradication.
RECENT FINDINGS
An upsurge in wild poliovirus type 1 cases in Pakistan and Afghanistan and an expansion of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus transmission in multiple countries threaten the remarkable progress made over past several decades by the global eradication program. These challenges have also spurred innovation on multiple fronts, including earlier detection, enhanced environmental surveillance and safer and more affordable vaccine options.
SUMMARY
A concerted effort to adapt program strategies to address context-specific challenges and continued focus on innovations to enhance detection and response capabilities will be the key to achieve and sustain eradication of all types of polioviruses.
Topics: Afghanistan; Disease Eradication; Global Health; Humans; Immunization Programs; Molecular Epidemiology; Pakistan; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 32773500
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000667 -
Nature Reviews. Immunology Dec 2021In August 2020, Africa was declared free of poliomyelitis (polio), bringing to fruition a goal that took more than 30 years to achieve. This Perspective chronicles... (Review)
Review
In August 2020, Africa was declared free of poliomyelitis (polio), bringing to fruition a goal that took more than 30 years to achieve. This Perspective chronicles global, continental, national and community actions taken by diverse stakeholders that finally led to the elimination of transmission of wild poliovirus in Africa. The cascade of events started with the development of polio vaccines and the realization that polio, much like smallpox, could be eradicated. After a 1988 pledge by the World Health Assembly to eradicate polio globally, concerted and deliberate efforts were made in Africa to achieve this goal. This included the use of evidence-based approaches for the harmonization and standardization of public health strategies, using a network of polio laboratories and emergency operation centres and actively pursuing underserved populations. Innovative solutions to counter challenges such as conflict and vaccine hesitancy may be of use in future public health interventions.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Disease Eradication; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines; Vaccination Hesitancy
PubMed: 34697501
DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00640-w