-
Scientific Reports Apr 2022Sponges contain an astounding diversity of lipids that serve in several biological functions, including yolk formation in their oocytes and embryos. The study of lipid...
Sponges contain an astounding diversity of lipids that serve in several biological functions, including yolk formation in their oocytes and embryos. The study of lipid metabolism during reproduction can provide information on food-web dynamics and energetic needs of the populations in their habitats, however, there are no studies focusing on the lipid metabolism of sponges during their seasonal reproduction. In this study, we used histology, lipidome profiling (UHPLC-MS), and transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) on the deep-sea sponge Phakellia ventilabrum (Demospongiae, Bubarida), a key species of North-Atlantic sponge grounds, with the goal to (i) assess the reproductive strategy and seasonality of this species, (ii) examine the relative changes in the lipidome signal and the gene expression patterns of the enzymes participating in lipid metabolism during oogenesis. Phakellia ventilabrum is an oviparous and most certainly gonochoristic species, reproducing in May and September in the different studied areas. Half of the specimens were reproducing, generating two to five oocytes per mm. Oocytes accumulated lipid droplets and as oogenesis progressed, the signal of most of the unsaturated and monounsaturated triacylglycerides increased, as well as of a few other phospholipids. In parallel, we detected upregulation of genes in female tissues related to triacylglyceride biosynthesis and others related to fatty acid beta-oxidation. Triacylglycerides are likely the main type of lipid forming the yolk in P. ventilabrum since this lipid category has the most marked changes. In parallel, other lipid categories were engaged in fatty acid beta-oxidation to cover the energy requirements of female individuals during oogenesis. In this study, the reproductive activity of the sponge P. ventilabrum was studied for the first time uncovering their seasonality and revealing 759 lipids, including 155 triacylglycerides. Our study has ecological and evolutionary implications providing essential information for understanding the molecular basis of reproduction and the origins and formation of lipid yolk in early-branching metazoans.
Topics: Animals; Fatty Acids; Female; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Oocytes; Oogenesis; Porifera
PubMed: 35428825
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10058-6 -
Journal of Natural Products Oct 2022Malaria, caused by the parasite , continues to threaten much of the world's population, and there is a pressing need for expanding treatment options. Natural products... (Review)
Review
Malaria, caused by the parasite , continues to threaten much of the world's population, and there is a pressing need for expanding treatment options. Natural products have been a vital source of such drugs, and here we report seven new highly -methylated linear peptides, friomaramide B () and shagamides A-F (-) from the marine sponge , collected in Antarctic waters, which demonstrate activity against three strains of blood-stage The planar structures of these metabolites were solved by interpreting NMR data, as well as HRESIMS/MS fragmentation patterns, while Marfey's analysis was used to establish the configurations of the amino acids. Reisolation of the previously reported compound friomaramide A () allowed us to revise its structure. The panel of isolated compounds allowed establishing structure/activity relationships and provided information for future structure optimization for this class of inhibitory metabolites.
Topics: Animals; Plasmodium falciparum; Porifera; Antarctic Regions; Peptides; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 36178104
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00684 -
Journal of Natural Products Jan 2021Chemical investigation of a marine sponge-associated sp. led to the discovery of bacillibactins E and F ( and ). Despite containing the well-established cyclic triester...
Chemical investigation of a marine sponge-associated sp. led to the discovery of bacillibactins E and F ( and ). Despite containing the well-established cyclic triester core of iron-binding natural products such as enterobactin, bacillibactins E and F ( and ) are the first bacterial siderophores that contain nicotinic and benzoic acid moieties. The structures of the new compounds, including their absolute configurations, were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses and Marfey's method. A plausible biosynthetic pathway to and is proposed; this route bears great similarity to other previously established bacillibactin-like pathways but appears to differentiate itself by a promiscuous DhbE, which likely installs the nicotinic moiety of and the benzoic acid group of .
Topics: Animals; Bacillus; Enterobactin; Iron; Molecular Structure; Oligopeptides; Porifera; Siderophores
PubMed: 33337146
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01170 -
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Jan 2021The marine environment with its vast biological diversity encompasses many organisms that produce bioactive natural products. Marine microorganisms are rich sources of... (Review)
Review
The marine environment with its vast biological diversity encompasses many organisms that produce bioactive natural products. Marine microorganisms are rich sources of compounds from many structural classes with a multitude of biological activities. The biosynthesis of microbial natural products depends on a variety of biotic and abiotic factors in the marine environment, including temperature, nutrients, salinity and interaction with other microorganisms. Terpenoids, as one of the most important groups of natural products in terrestrial microorganisms are important metabolites for marine microorganisms. Here, we have reviewed the chemistry, biosynthesis and pharmacological activities of terpenoids, extracted from marine microbes, and then survey their potential applications in drug development. We also discussed the different habitats in which marine microorganisms are found including sediments, the flora, such as seaweeds, sea grasses, and mangroves as well as the fauna like sponges and corals. Amongst these habitats, marine sediments are the major source for terpenoids producing microorganisms. The marine bacteria produce mostly meroterpenoids, while the fungi are well known for production of isoprenoids. Interestingly, marine-derived microbial terpenoids have some structural characteristics such as halogenation, which are catalyzed by specific enzymes with distinct substrate specificity. These compounds have anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial and anti-inflammatory properties. The information collected here might provide useful clues for developing new medications.
Topics: Animals; Anthozoa; Aquatic Organisms; Bacteria; Biological Products; Biosynthetic Pathways; Ecosystem; Fungi; Humans; Porifera; Terpenes
PubMed: 33160760
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112957 -
Journal of Natural Products May 2022Five new minor sesterterpenoids, ansellones H (), I (), J (), and K () and phorone C (), have been isolated from a sp. marine sponge collected in British Columbia.... (Review)
Review
Five new minor sesterterpenoids, ansellones H (), I (), J (), and K () and phorone C (), have been isolated from a sp. marine sponge collected in British Columbia. Their structures have been elucidated by detailed analysis of NMR and MS data. Ansellone J () and phorone C () are potent HIV-1 latency reversal agents that are more potent than the reference compound and control protein kinase C activator prostratin (). The most potent sesterterpenoid, ansellone J (), was evaluated for HIV latency reversal in a primary cell context using CD4+ T cells obtained directly from four combination antiretroviral therapy-suppressed donors with HIV. To a first approximation, ansellone J () induced HIV latency reversal at levels similar to prostratin () , but at a 10-fold lower concentration.
Topics: Animals; British Columbia; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Porifera; Sesterterpenes; Virus Latency
PubMed: 35522580
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01225 -
Nature Communications Jul 2022Muscle-based movement is a hallmark of animal biology, but the evolutionary origins of myocytes are unknown. Although believed to lack muscles, sponges (Porifera) are...
Muscle-based movement is a hallmark of animal biology, but the evolutionary origins of myocytes are unknown. Although believed to lack muscles, sponges (Porifera) are capable of coordinated whole-body contractions that purge debris from internal water canals. This behavior has been observed for decades, but their contractile tissues remain uncharacterized with respect to their ultrastructure, regulation, and development. We examine the sponge Ephydatia muelleri and find tissue-wide organization of a contractile module composed of actin, striated-muscle myosin II, and transgelin, and that contractions are regulated by the release of internal Ca stores upstream of the myosin-light-chain-kinase (MLCK) pathway. The development of this contractile module appears to involve myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) as part of an environmentally inducible transcriptional complex that also functions in muscle development, plasticity, and regeneration. As an actin-regulated force-sensor, MRTF-activity offers a mechanism for how the contractile tissues that line water canals can dynamically remodel in response to flow and can re-form normally from stem-cells in the absence of the intrinsic spatial cues typical of animal embryogenesis. We conclude that the contractile module of sponge tissues shares elements of homology with contractile tissues in other animals, including muscles, indicating descent from a common, multifunctional tissue in the animal stem-lineage.
Topics: Actins; Animals; Muscles; Nuclear Proteins; Porifera; Trans-Activators; Transcription Factors; Water
PubMed: 35840552
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31756-9 -
The Journal of Organic Chemistry Oct 2022Nine bromotyrosine alkaloids (BTAs), including debromoianthelline (), pseudoceratinic acid (), methyl pseudoceratinate (), 13-oxo-ianthelline (), aiolochroiamides A-D (,...
Nine bromotyrosine alkaloids (BTAs), including debromoianthelline (), pseudoceratinic acid (), methyl pseudoceratinate (), 13-oxo-ianthelline (), aiolochroiamides A-D (, and ,, and 7-hydroxypurealidin J (), were isolated from a Bahamian (Hyatt; previously, ). The structures of - were established from H, C, and 2D NMR spectra, IR, and mass spectrometry data. Compounds - comprise an -methyl-2,6-dibromotyrosyl ketoxime (subunit A) amide linked to variable groups (subunit B). Compound is debromoianthelline, and and are amides of 3-aminopropanoic acid and methyl 3-aminopropanoate, respectively. BTAs and are linked to 5-(2-aminoethyl)-2-iminoimidazolidin-4-one and a hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-]imidazol-2(1)-imine nucleus, respectively, whereas is a self-dimerization motif of an aryl pyruvamide. Alkaloid contains a spirocyclohexadienyl-isoxazoline-carboxamide amide coupled to 2-aminohistamine similar to that found in purealidin J and aerophobin-1 but with hydroxylation at C-7. The 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid residue in was determined to be a 2:1 L- and D- mixture based on hydrolysis followed by derivatization with L-FDTA and LCMS. Diastereomeric pairs, , and ,, were racemic. The relative configurations of , , , and were assigned by comparison of H and C chemical shifts with those calculated by DFT. Compounds ,, ningalamide B (), and ianthelline () moderately inhibited butyrylcholinesterase and and spp.
Topics: Alkaloids; Amides; Animals; Butyrylcholinesterase; Dimerization; Imines; Oxidative Stress; Oximes; Porifera; Tyrosine
PubMed: 36112478
DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01415 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2022Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are leading organisms for the discovery of bioactive compounds from nature. Their often rich and species-specific microbiota is...
Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are leading organisms for the discovery of bioactive compounds from nature. Their often rich and species-specific microbiota is hypothesised to be producing many of these compounds. Yet, environmental influences on the sponge-associated microbiota and bioactive compound production remain elusive. Here, we investigated the changes of microbiota and metabolomes in sponges along a depth range of 1232 m. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, we assessed prokaryotic and chemical diversities in three deep-sea sponge species: Geodia barretti, Stryphnus fortis, and Weberella bursa. Both prokaryotic communities and metabolome varied significantly with depth, which we hypothesized to be the effect of different water masses. Up to 35.5% of microbial ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) showed significant changes with depth while phylum-level composition of host microbiome remained unchanged. The metabolome varied with depth, with relative quantities of known bioactive compounds increasing or decreasing strongly. Other metabolites varying with depth were compatible solutes regulating osmolarity of the cells. Correlations between prokaryotic community and the bioactive compounds in G. barretti suggested members of Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, or an unclassified prokaryote as potential producers.
Topics: Animals; Metabolome; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Porifera; Prokaryotic Cells; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 35233042
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07292-3 -
Annual Review of Marine Science Jan 2020With the decline of reef-building corals on tropical reefs, sponges have emerged as an important component of changing coral reef ecosystems. Seemingly simple, sponges... (Review)
Review
With the decline of reef-building corals on tropical reefs, sponges have emerged as an important component of changing coral reef ecosystems. Seemingly simple, sponges are highly diverse taxonomically, morphologically, and in terms of their relationships with symbiotic microbes, and they are one of nature's richest sources of novel secondary metabolites. Unlike most other benthic organisms, sponges have the capacity to disrupt boundary flow as they pump large volumes of seawater into the water column. This seawater is chemically transformed as it passes through the sponge body as a consequence of sponge feeding, excretion, and the activities of microbial symbionts, with important effects on carbon and nutrient cycling and on the organisms in the water column and on the adjacent reef. In this review, we critically evaluate developments in the recently dynamic research area of sponge ecology on tropical reefs and provide a perspective for future studies.
Topics: Animals; Carbon Cycle; Coral Reefs; Ecosystem; Nutrients; Porifera; Seawater
PubMed: 31226028
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010807 -
Microbiome Jun 2020Marine sponges and their microbiomes contribute significantly to carbon and nutrient cycling in global reefs, processing and remineralizing dissolved and particulate...
BACKGROUND
Marine sponges and their microbiomes contribute significantly to carbon and nutrient cycling in global reefs, processing and remineralizing dissolved and particulate organic matter. Lamellodysidea herbacea sponges obtain additional energy from abundant photosynthetic Hormoscilla cyanobacterial symbionts, which also produce polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) chemically similar to anthropogenic pollutants of environmental concern. Potential contributions of non-Hormoscilla bacteria to Lamellodysidea microbiome metabolism and the synthesis and degradation of additional secondary metabolites are currently unknown.
RESULTS
This study has determined relative abundance, taxonomic novelty, metabolic capacities, and secondary metabolite potential in 21 previously uncharacterized, uncultured Lamellodysidea-associated microbial populations by reconstructing near-complete metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) to complement 16S rRNA gene amplicon studies. Microbial community compositions aligned with sponge host subgroup phylogeny in 16 samples from four host clades collected from multiple sites in Guam over a 3-year period, including representatives of Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Oligoflexia, and Bacteroidetes as well as Cyanobacteria (Hormoscilla). Unexpectedly, microbiomes from one host clade also included Cyanobacteria from the prolific secondary metabolite-producer genus Prochloron, a common tunicate symbiont. Two novel Alphaproteobacteria MAGs encoded pathways diagnostic for methylotrophic metabolism as well as type III secretion systems, and have been provisionally assigned to a new order, designated Candidatus Methylospongiales. MAGs from other taxonomic groups encoded light-driven energy production pathways using not only chlorophyll, but also bacteriochlorophyll and proteorhodopsin. Diverse heterotrophic capabilities favoring aerobic versus anaerobic conditions included pathways for degrading chitin, eukaryotic extracellular matrix polymers, phosphonates, dimethylsulfoniopropionate, trimethylamine, and benzoate. Genetic evidence identified an aerobic catabolic pathway for halogenated aromatics that may enable endogenous PBDEs to be used as a carbon and energy source.
CONCLUSIONS
The reconstruction of high-quality MAGs from all microbial taxa comprising greater than 0.1% of the sponge microbiome enabled species-specific assignment of unique metabolic features that could not have been predicted from taxonomic data alone. This information will promote more representative models of marine invertebrate microbiome contributions to host bioenergetics, the identification of potential new sponge parasites and pathogens based on conserved metabolic and physiological markers, and a better understanding of biosynthetic and degradative pathways for secondary metabolites and halogenated compounds in sponge-associated microbiota. Video Abstract.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Biodiversity; Genomics; Metagenome; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Porifera; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Symbiosis
PubMed: 32576248
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00877-y