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Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry Jun 2021The advance of porphyrins as artificial nucleases along the years have developed a class of compounds having potential therapeutic applications. Being an extrovert of... (Review)
Review
The advance of porphyrins as artificial nucleases along the years have developed a class of compounds having potential therapeutic applications. Being an extrovert of chemistry, a variety of chemical modifications have been done on porphyrin macrocycle in order to improve the spectroscopic properties and to adapt as artificial receptors that can recognize molecules. The last twenty years has witnessed broad research in the arena of porphyrin- DNA interactions and their evolution from simple to more complex entities. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the porphyrin-based structural modifications, with a specific emphasis on various effects of porphyrin on DNA cleavage potency. We particularly detailed the nuclease activity of cationic and anionic porphyrins, porphyrin dimers and conjugates as well as heme proteins till the third generation porphyrins as artificial nucleases.
Topics: Anions; Cations; DNA; Endonucleases; Hemeproteins; Humans; Metalloporphyrins; Metals; Molecular Structure; Porphyrins
PubMed: 33819802
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111434 -
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy Mar 2023Research on porphyrin-based photosensitizing drugs is becoming increasingly popular. They possess unique diagnostic capabilities and therapeutic effects that have gained... (Review)
Review
Research on porphyrin-based photosensitizing drugs is becoming increasingly popular. They possess unique diagnostic capabilities and therapeutic effects that have gained wide recognition in oncology drug development. In recent years, the rapid growth of nanotechnology has brought great hope for nanopharmaceutical formulations. By combining porphyrins with various nanomaterials, people have improved the properties of porphyrin compounds, making drug delivery easier. Porphyrin-based nanoparticles can enhance the effect of photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment, providing opportunities for achieving complex targeting strategies and versatility with promising applications in drug carriers, tumor imaging, and treatment. This paper reviews recent porphyrin nanodrugs, including inorganic-organic hybrid nanoparticles, nanomicelles, self-assembled nanoparticles, and combination therapeutic nanodrugs, and their actions and effects on cancer cells when performing photodynamic therapy. It also discusses the drawbacks as well as the prospects for development.
Topics: Humans; Photochemotherapy; Nanomedicine; Photosensitizing Agents; Porphyrins; Neoplasms; Nanoparticles; Skeleton
PubMed: 36494023
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103236 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2020Porphyrins and analogous macrocycles exhibit interesting photochemical, catalytic, and luminescence properties demonstrating high potential in the treatment of several... (Review)
Review
Porphyrins and analogous macrocycles exhibit interesting photochemical, catalytic, and luminescence properties demonstrating high potential in the treatment of several diseases. Among them can be highlighted the possibility of application in photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial/antiparasitic PDT, for example, of malaria parasite. However, the low efficiency generally associated with their low solubility in water and bioavailability have precluded biomedical applications. Nanotechnology can provide efficient strategies to enhance bioavailability and incorporate targeted delivery properties to conventional pharmaceuticals, enhancing the effectiveness and reducing the toxicity, thus improving the adhesion to the treatment. In this way, those limitations can be overcome by using two main strategies: (1) Incorporation of hydrophilic substituents into the macrocycle ring while controlling the interaction with biological systems and (2) by including them in nanocarriers and delivery nanosystems. This review will focus on antiparasitic drugs based on porphyrin derivatives developed according to these two strategies, considering their vast and increasing applications befitting the multiple roles of these compounds in nature.
Topics: Antiparasitic Agents; Biosensing Techniques; Drug Compounding; Humans; Indoles; Isoindoles; Molecular Structure; Porphyrins; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 32365664
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092080 -
Nanoscale May 2022In this study, we designed an effective nanoplatform to improve the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of porphyrins. Combining a porphyrin-based metallacage (PM), hyaluronidase...
In this study, we designed an effective nanoplatform to improve the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of porphyrins. Combining a porphyrin-based metallacage (PM), hyaluronidase (HAase) and DSPE-mPEG2000 together, the nanoparticle (PM@HAase-mPEG) showed enhanced PDT efficacy. The PM improved the stability of the porphyrin, avoided its aggregation and provided cavities to concentrate oxygen molecules, which was beneficial for enhancing PDT. HAase degraded HA to increase the intracellular accumulation of nanoparticles, normalized blood vessels and relieved hypoxia in tumors. PM@HAase-mPEG inhibited the growth of tumors in a 4T1 mouse model by the generated singlet oxygen with excellent PDT efficacy. This study resolved the problems of the instability of PSs, less cellular accumulation of drugs, and tumor hypoxia that limited the anti-tumor application of PDT.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Mice; Nanoparticles; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Porphyrins; Singlet Oxygen; Tumor Hypoxia
PubMed: 35411893
DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08293k -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2020Molecular recognition is a specific non-covalent and frequently reversible interaction between two or more systems based on synthetically predefined character of the... (Review)
Review
Molecular recognition is a specific non-covalent and frequently reversible interaction between two or more systems based on synthetically predefined character of the receptor. This phenomenon has been extensively studied over past few decades, being of particular interest to researchers due to its widespread occurrence in biological systems. In fact, a straightforward inspiration by biological systems present in living matter and based on, e.g., hydrogen bonding is easily noticeable in construction of molecular probes. A separate aspect also incorporated into the molecular recognition relies on the direct interaction between host and guest with a covalent bonding. To date, various artificial systems exhibiting molecular recognition and based on both types of interactions have been reported. Owing to their rich optoelectronic properties, chromophores constitute a broad and powerful class of receptors for a diverse range of substrates. This review focuses on BODIPY and porphyrin chromophores as probes for molecular recognition and chiral discrimination of amino acids and their derivatives.
Topics: Amino Acids; Boron Compounds; Ions; Models, Molecular; Molecular Probes; Porphyrins
PubMed: 33023164
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194523 -
Chemical Communications (Cambridge,... Dec 2019The association of hydrophobic cavities with porphyrin derivatives has been used to mimic haemoprotein structures. The most employed cavity in this field is... (Review)
Review
The association of hydrophobic cavities with porphyrin derivatives has been used to mimic haemoprotein structures. The most employed cavity in this field is β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and scaffolds combining β-CDs and porphyrins are expected to inspire the combination of porphyrins and cucurbiturils in the near future. Aside from providing water solubility to various porphyrinic structures, the β-CD framework can also modulate and control the reactivity of the metal core of the porphyrin. After a general introduction of the challenges faced in the field of haemoprotein models and the binding behavior of β-CDs, this article will discuss covalent and non-covalent association of porphyrins with β-CDs. In each approach, the role of the CD differs according to the relative position of the concave CD host, either directly controlling the binding and transformation of a substrate on the metalloporphyrin or playing a dual role of controlling the water solubility and selecting the axial ligand of the metal core. The discussion will be of interest to the cucurbituril community as well as to the cavitand community, as the information provided should be useful for the design of haemoprotein mimics using cucurbiturils.
Topics: Cyclodextrins; Hemeproteins; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Ligands; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Porphyrins; Solubility; Water
PubMed: 31748764
DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07545c -
Journal of Nanobiotechnology May 2021Porphyrin-lipids are versatile building blocks that enable cancer theranostics and have been applied to create several multimodal nanoparticle platforms, including...
BACKGROUND
Porphyrin-lipids are versatile building blocks that enable cancer theranostics and have been applied to create several multimodal nanoparticle platforms, including liposome-like porphysome (aqueous-core), porphyrin nanodroplet (liquefied gas-core), and ultrasmall porphyrin lipoproteins. Here, we used porphyrin-lipid to stabilize the water/oil interface to create porphyrin-lipid nanoemulsions with paclitaxel loaded in the oil core (PLNE-PTX), facilitating combination photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy in one platform.
RESULTS
PTX (3.1 wt%) and porphyrin (18.3 wt%) were loaded efficiently into PLNE-PTX, forming spherical core-shell nanoemulsions with a diameter of 120 nm. PLNE-PTX demonstrated stability in systemic delivery, resulting in high tumor accumulation (~ 5.4 ID %/g) in KB-tumor bearing mice. PLNE-PTX combination therapy inhibited tumor growth (78%) in an additive manner, compared with monotherapy PDT (44%) or chemotherapy (46%) 16 days post-treatment. Furthermore, a fourfold reduced PTX dose (1.8 mg PTX/kg) in PLNE-PTX combination therapy platform demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy to Taxol at a dose of 7.2 mg PTX/kg, which can reduce side effects. Moreover, the intrinsic fluorescence of PLNE-PTX enabled real-time tracking of nanoparticles to the tumor, which can help inform treatment planning.
CONCLUSION
PLNE-PTX combining PDT and chemotherapy in a single platform enables superior anti-tumor effects and holds potential to reduce side effects associated with monotherapy chemotherapy. The inherent imaging modality of PLNE-PTX enables real-time tracking and permits spatial and temporal regulation to improve cancer treatment.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Drug Carriers; Drug Therapy; Emulsions; Humans; Lipids; Liposomes; Mice; Nanoparticles; Paclitaxel; Photochemotherapy; Polyethylene Glycols; Porphyrins; Therapeutic Uses; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
PubMed: 34034749
DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00898-1 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer and owing to its compatibility with biological tissues, it is considered a versatile starting material for developing... (Review)
Review
Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer and owing to its compatibility with biological tissues, it is considered a versatile starting material for developing new and sustainable materials from renewable resources. With the advent of drug-resistance among pathogenic microorganisms, recent strategies have focused on the development of novel treatment options and alternative antimicrobial therapies, such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This approach encompasses the combination of photoactive dyes and harmless visible light, in the presence of dioxygen, to produce reactive oxygen species that can selectively kill microorganisms. Photosensitizers for aPDT can be adsorbed, entrapped, or linked to cellulose-like supports, providing an increase in the surface area, with improved mechanical strength, barrier, and antimicrobial properties, paving the way to new applications, such as wound disinfection, sterilization of medical materials and surfaces in different contexts (industrial, household and hospital), or prevention of microbial contamination in packaged food. This review will report the development of porphyrinic photosensitizers supported on cellulose/cellulose derivative materials to achieve effective photoinactivation. A brief overview of the efficiency of cellulose based photoactive dyes for cancer, using photodynamic therapy (PDT), will be also discussed. Particular attention will be devoted to the synthetic routes behind the preparation of the photosensitizer-cellulose functional materials.
Topics: Photosensitizing Agents; Porphyrins; Cellulose; Photochemotherapy; Anti-Infective Agents
PubMed: 36834886
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043475 -
Journal of Photochemistry and... Nov 2023This comprehensive review provides the current trends and recent developments of porphyrin-based photosensitizers. We discuss their evolution from first-generation to... (Review)
Review
This comprehensive review provides the current trends and recent developments of porphyrin-based photosensitizers. We discuss their evolution from first-generation to third-generation compounds, including cutting-edge nanoparticle-integrated derivatives, and explores their pivotal role in advancing photodynamic therapy (PDT) for enhanced cancer treatment. Integrating porphyrins with nanoparticles represents a promising avenue, offering improved selectivity, reduced toxicity, and heightened biocompatibility. By elucidating recent breakthroughs, innovative methodologies, and emerging applications, this review provides a panoramic snapshot of the dynamic field, addressing challenges and charting prospects. With a focus on harnessing reactive oxygen species (ROS) through light activation, PDT serves as a minimally invasive therapeutic approach. This article offers a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and PDT enthusiasts, highlighting the potential of porphyrin photosensitizers to improve the future of cancer therapy.
Topics: Photosensitizing Agents; Photochemotherapy; Porphyrins; Singlet Oxygen; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 37804542
DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112796 -
Chembiochem : a European Journal of... Jul 2020Advances in porphyrin chemistry have provided novel materials and exciting technologies for bioanalysis such as colorimetric sensor array (CSA), photo-electrochemical... (Review)
Review
Advances in porphyrin chemistry have provided novel materials and exciting technologies for bioanalysis such as colorimetric sensor array (CSA), photo-electrochemical (PEC) biosensing, and nanocomposites as peroxidase mimetics for glucose detection. This review highlights selected recent advances in the construction of supramolecular assemblies based on the porphyrin macrocycle that provide recognition of various biologically important entities through the unique porphyrin properties associated with colorimetry, spectrophotometry, and photo-electrochemistry.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Colorimetry; Electrochemical Techniques; Light; Nanocomposites; Peroxidases; Porphyrins
PubMed: 32187831
DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000067