-
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021The human oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and dysbiosis of the microflora and imbalanced microbiota-host interactions drive many oral... (Review)
Review
The human oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and dysbiosis of the microflora and imbalanced microbiota-host interactions drive many oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Oral microbiota homeostasis is critical for systemic health. Over the last two decades, bacterial protein phosphorylation systems have been extensively studied, providing mounting evidence of the pivotal role of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation in oral bacterial dysbiosis and bacteria-host interactions. Ongoing investigations aim to discover novel kinases and phosphatases and to understand the mechanism by which these phosphorylation events regulate the pathogenicity of oral bacteria. Here, we summarize the structures of bacterial tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases and discuss the roles of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation systems in and , emphasizing their involvement in bacterial metabolism and virulence, community development, and bacteria-host interactions.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dysbiosis; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Microbiota; Phosphorylation; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Serine; Threonine; Tyrosine
PubMed: 35087767
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.814659 -
Molecular Oral Microbiology Apr 2022The effect of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smoking, especially its long-term impact on oral health, is poorly understood. Here, we conducted a longitudinal...
The effect of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smoking, especially its long-term impact on oral health, is poorly understood. Here, we conducted a longitudinal clinical study with two study visits, 6 months apart, to investigate the effect of e-cigarette use on the bacterial community structure in the saliva of 101 periodontitis patients. Our data demonstrated that e-cigarette use altered the oral microbiome in periodontitis patients, enriching members of the Filifactor, Treponema, and Fusobacterium taxa. For patients at the same periodontal disease stage, cigarette smokers and e-cigarette smokers shared more similarities in their oral bacterial composition. E-cigarette smoking may have a similar potential as cigarette smoking at altering the bacterial composition of saliva over time, leading to an increase in the relative abundance of periodontal disease-associated pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The correlation analysis showed that certain genera, such as Dialister, Selenomonas, and Leptotrichia in the e-cigarette smoking group, were positively correlated with the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α. E-cigarette use was also associated with elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α, which contribute to oral microbiome dysbiosis and advanced disease state.
Topics: Cytokines; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vaping
PubMed: 34997976
DOI: 10.1111/omi.12361 -
Cancer Prevention Research... Apr 2023Several periodontitis-associated species induce genes related to cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, intracellular transport, immune and inflammatory... (Review)
Review
Several periodontitis-associated species induce genes related to cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, intracellular transport, immune and inflammatory responses, carcinogenesis, and cancer progression. Here, we reviewed studies showing strong associations between gingival squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) and three periodontitis-related oral bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella intermedia) in the microenvironment. These bacteria produce cytoplasmic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and secrete cytokines and molecules related to carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis and metastasis. In GSCC, LPS levels are substantially elevated and assessable by functional analysis. Polymicrobial infections can synergistically induce inflammation and significantly upregulate proinflammatory molecules (e.g., IL1β, IL8, and TNFα) that promote carcinogenesis. This review can facilitate the identification of novel targets for treating and preventing GSCC, which is potentially associated with periodontal pathogen.
Topics: Humans; Lipopolysaccharides; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Carcinogenesis; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 36688805
DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-22-0511 -
Anaerobe Apr 2021Anaerobes form a large part of microbial communities, and have begun to be specifically studied in both healthy and pathologic contexts. Porphyromonas is one of the top... (Review)
Review
Anaerobes form a large part of microbial communities, and have begun to be specifically studied in both healthy and pathologic contexts. Porphyromonas is one of the top ten anaerobic taxa in the microbiome (anaerobiome) in healthy subjects. However, to date, most studies focused on the deleterious role of P. gingivalis, the most widely described species. Interestingly, targeted metagenomics reveals Porphyromonas other than gingivalis (POTG), highlighting other species such as P. catoniae or P. pasteri as potential biomarkers in disease progression or pathogen colonization susceptibility. From the sparse data, it appears that the Porphyromonas genus may also be a relevant target of investigation in several pulmonary diseases. Moreover, deciphering cutaneous, gastric and oral microbiomes hint that Porphyromonas may be a genus of interest in non-pulmonary diseases. This review aims to summarize the major data on POTG and to report their impact on the various human microbiomes in different clinical states.
Topics: Bacteroidaceae Infections; Humans; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Porphyromonas
PubMed: 32615270
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102230 -
Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering... Apr 2023Oral microbial ecosystems are vital in maintaining the health of the oral cavity and the entire body. Oral microbiota is associated with the progression of oral diseases... (Review)
Review
Oral microbial ecosystems are vital in maintaining the health of the oral cavity and the entire body. Oral microbiota is associated with the progression of oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontal diseases, head and neck cancer, and several systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, adverse pregnancy outcomes, diabetes, lung infection, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Buccal mucosa, tongue dorsum, hard palate, saliva, palatine tonsils, throat, keratinized gingiva, supra-gingival plaque, subgingival plaque, dentures, and lips are microbial habitats of the oral cavity. may have a role in the development of periodontal diseases, oral cancer, diabetes, and atherosclerotic disease. showed a higher abundance in periodontal diseases, oral and colon cancer, adverse pregnancy outcomes, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. The higher abundance of is typical in periodontal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and adverse pregnancy outcome. displayed higher abundance in both dental caries and OSCC. Oral bacteria may influence systemic diseases through inflammation by releasing pro inflammatory cytokines. Identification of oral bacteria using culture-dependent approaches and next-generation sequencing-based metagenomic approaches is believed to significantly identify the therapeutic targets and non-invasive diagnostic indicators in different human diseases. Oral bacteria in saliva could be exploited as a non-invasive diagnostic indicator for the early detection of oral and systemic disorders. Other therapeutic approaches such as the use of probiotics, green tea polyphenol, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) therapy, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, and antimicrobial peptides are used to inhibit the growth of biofilm formation by oral bacteria.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Dental Caries; Periodontal Diseases; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Microbiota; Arthritis, Rheumatoid
PubMed: 35861776
DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2102877 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Oral diseases impose a major health burden worldwide and have a profound effect on general health. Dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancers are the most... (Review)
Review
Oral diseases impose a major health burden worldwide and have a profound effect on general health. Dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancers are the most common oral health conditions. Their occurrence and development are related to oral microbes, and effective measures for their prevention and the promotion of oral health are urgently needed. Raman spectroscopy detects molecular vibration information by collecting inelastic scattering light, allowing a "fingerprint" of a sample to be acquired. It provides the advantages of rapid, sensitive, accurate, and minimally invasive detection as well as minimal interference from water in the "fingerprint region." Owing to these characteristics, Raman spectroscopy has been used in medical detection in various fields to assist diagnosis and evaluate prognosis, such as detecting and differentiating between bacteria or between neoplastic and normal brain tissues. Many oral diseases are related to oral microbial dysbiosis, and their lesions differ from normal tissues in essential components. The colonization of keystone pathogens, such as , resulting in microbial dysbiosis in subgingival plaque, is the main cause of periodontitis. Moreover, the components in gingival crevicular fluid, such as infiltrating inflammatory cells and tissue degradation products, are markedly different between individuals with and without periodontitis. Regarding dental caries, the compositions of decayed teeth are transformed, accompanied by an increase in acid-producing bacteria. In oral cancers, the compositions and structures of lesions and normal tissues are different. Thus, the changes in bacteria and the components of saliva and tissue can be used in examinations as special markers for these oral diseases, and Raman spectroscopy has been acknowledged as a promising measure for detecting these markers. This review summarizes and discusses key research and remaining problems in this area. Based on this, suggestions for further study are proposed.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dysbiosis; Humans; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 35186787
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.775236 -
International Journal of Oral Science Sep 2023While several previous studies have indicated the link between periodontal disease (PD) and myocardial infarction (MI), the underlying mechanisms remain unclear....
While several previous studies have indicated the link between periodontal disease (PD) and myocardial infarction (MI), the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Autophagy, a cellular quality control process that is activated in several diseases, including heart failure, can be suppressed by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.). However, it is uncertain whether autophagy impairment by periodontal pathogens stimulates the development of cardiac dysfunction after MI. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between PD and the development of MI while focusing on the role of autophagy. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and MI model mice were inoculated with wild-type P.g. or gingipain-deficient P.g. to assess the effect of autophagy inhibition by P.g. Wild-type P.g.-inoculated NRCMs had lower cell viability than those inoculated with gingipain-deficient P.g. This study also revealed that gingipains can cleave vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8), a protein involved in lysosomal sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), at the 47th lysine residue, thereby inhibiting autophagy. Wild-type P.g.-inoculated MI model mice were more susceptible to cardiac rupture, with lower survival rates and autophagy activity than gingipain-deficient P.g.-inoculated MI model mice. After inoculating genetically modified MI model mice (VAMP8-K47A) with wild-type P.g., they exhibited significantly increased autophagy activation compared with the MI model mice inoculated with wild-type P.g., which suppressed cardiac rupture and enhanced overall survival rates. These findings suggest that gingipains, which are virulence factors of P.g., impair the infarcted myocardium by cleaving VAMP8 and disrupting autophagy. This study confirms the strong association between PD and MI and provides new insights into the potential role of autophagy in this relationship.
Topics: Mice; Rats; Animals; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Autophagosomes; Myocardium; Periodontal Diseases; Heart Rupture
PubMed: 37723152
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00251-2 -
International Immunopharmacology May 2023In RA patients' synovial sites, citrullinated RA-related antigens such as type II collagens, fibrin (ogen), vimentin, and α-enolase could be targeted by ACCPAs. Since... (Review)
Review
In RA patients' synovial sites, citrullinated RA-related antigens such as type II collagens, fibrin (ogen), vimentin, and α-enolase could be targeted by ACCPAs. Since ACCPA production can be initiated a long time before RA sign appearance, primary auto-immunization against these citrullinated proteins can be originated from extra-articular sites. It has been shown that there is a significant association between P. gingivalis periodontitis, anti- P. gingivalis antibodies, and RA. P. gingivalis gingipains (Rgp, Kgp) can degrade proteins such as fibrin and α-enolase into some peptides in the form of Arg in the C-terminal which is converted to citrulline by PPAD. Also, PPAD can citrullinate type II collagen and vimentins (SA antigen). P. gingivalis induces inflammation and chemoattraction of immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages through the increase of C5a (gingipain C5 convertase-like activity) and SCFA secretion. Besides, this microorganism stimulates anoikis, a special type of apoptosis, and NETosis, an antimicrobial form of neutrophil death, leading to the release of PAD1-4, α-enolase, and vimentin from apoptotic cells into the periodontal site. In addition, gingipains can degrade macrophages CD14 and decrease their ability in apoptotic cell removal. Gingipains also can cleave IgGs in the Fc region and transform them into rheumatoid factor (RF) antigens. In the present study, the effects of P. gingivalis on rheumatoid arthritis autoimmune response have been reviewed, which could attract practical insight both in bench and clinic.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Autoimmunity; Protein-Arginine Deiminases; Vimentin; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Periodontitis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
PubMed: 37098654
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109936 -
Oral Diseases Nov 2023Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is thought to be involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether Pg or its contents can reach the brain and directly...
OBJECTIVE
Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is thought to be involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whether Pg or its contents can reach the brain and directly affect neuropathology is, however, unknown. Here, we investigated whether outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Pg translocate to the brain and induce the pathogenic features of AD.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Pg OMVs were injected into the abdominal cavity of mice for 12 weeks. Pg OMV translocation to the brain was detected by immunohistochemistry using an anti-gingipain antibody. Tau protein and microglial activation in the mouse brain were examined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The effect of gingipains on inflammation was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction using human microglial HMC3 cells.
RESULTS
Gingipains were detected in the region around cerebral ventricles, choroid plexus, and ventricular ependymal cells in Pg OMV-administered mice. Tau and phosphorylated Tau protein increased and microglia were activated. Pg OMVs also increased the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines in HMC3 cells in a gingipain-dependent manner.
CONCLUSION
Pg OMVs, including gingipains, can reach the cerebral ventricle and induce neuroinflammation by activating microglia. Pg OMVs may provide a better understanding of the implications of periodontal diseases in neurodegenerative conditions such as AD.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Microglia; tau Proteins; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Alzheimer Disease; Cerebral Ventricles
PubMed: 36266256
DOI: 10.1111/odi.14413 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022The association between periodontal disease and systemic disease has become a research hotspot. (), a crucial periodontal pathogen, affects the development of systemic... (Review)
Review
The association between periodontal disease and systemic disease has become a research hotspot. (), a crucial periodontal pathogen, affects the development of systemic diseases. The pathogenicity of is largely linked to interference with the host's immunity. This review aims to discover the role of in the modulation of the host's adaptive immune system through a large number of virulence factors and the manipulation of cellular immunological responses (mainly mediated by T cells). These factors may affect the cause of large numbers of systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, adverse pregnancy outcomes, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. The point of view of adaptive immunity may provide a new idea for treating periodontitis and related systemic diseases.
Topics: Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Immunity, Cellular; Periodontal Diseases; Adaptive Immunity; Alzheimer Disease
PubMed: 36467726
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1026457