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International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2021A particular role for (Pg) and (Aa) has been suggested in periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as these bacteria could initiate the formation of rheumatoid...
A particular role for (Pg) and (Aa) has been suggested in periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as these bacteria could initiate the formation of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anticitrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPA). We assessed whether serum antibodies against Pg and Aa in RA patients and non-RA controls reflect the subgingival presence of Pg and Aa, and evaluated the relationship of these antibodies to the severity of periodontal inflammation and RA-specific serum autoantibodies. In 70 Indonesian RA patients and 70 non-RA controls, the subgingival presence of Pg and Aa was assessed by bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and serum IgG levels specific for Pg and Aa were determined. In parallel, serum levels of ACPA (ACPA:IgG,IgA) and RF (RF:IgM,IgA) were measured. The extent of periodontal inflammation was assessed by the periodontal inflamed surface area. In both RA patients and the controls, the presence of subgingival Pg and Aa was comparable, anti-Pg and anti-Aa antibody levels were associated with the subgingival presence of Pg and Aa, and anti-Pg did not correlate with ACPA or RF levels. The subgingival Pg and Aa were not related to RA. No noteworthy correlation was detected between the antibodies against Pg and Aa, and RA-specific autoantibodies.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoantibodies; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rheumatoid Factor
PubMed: 34574484
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189560 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Periodontitis and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that share common features of microbial-induced ecological... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that share common features of microbial-induced ecological dysregulation and host immune inflammatory response. The close relationship between periodontitis and IBD is characterized by a higher prevalence of IBD in patients with periodontitis and a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis in patients with IBD, indicating that periodontitis and IBD are different from the traditional independent diseases and form an "Oral-Gut" axis between the two, which affect each other and thus form a vicious circle. However, the specific mechanisms leading to the association between the two are not fully understood. In this article, we describe the interconnection between periodontitis and IBD in terms of microbial pathogenesis and immune dysregulation, including the ectopic colonization of the gut by pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis that promotes inflammation in the gut by activating the host immune response, and the alteration of the oral microbiota due to IBD that affects the periodontal inflammatory response. Among the microbial factors, pathogenic bacteria such as , and may act as the microbial bridge between periodontitis and IBD, while among the immune mechanisms, Th17 cell responses and the secreted pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α play a key role in the development of both diseases. This suggests that in future studies, we can look for targets in the "Oral-Gut" axis to control and intervene in periodontal inflammation by regulating periodontal or intestinal flora through immunological methods.
Topics: Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Periodontitis; Inflammation; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 36923589
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1132420 -
Voprosy Pitaniia 2023The oral microbiome is a community of symbiotic, commensal and opportunistic microorganisms, usually present in the form of biofilm, that plays a critical role in... (Review)
Review
The oral microbiome is a community of symbiotic, commensal and opportunistic microorganisms, usually present in the form of biofilm, that plays a critical role in maintaining the homeostasis and protective function of the oral cavity. Recently, the study of the human oral microbiome to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches has become a promising new area of the research in the field of personalized medicine. of this review was to generalise and analyse the accumulated data on the relationship between the oral microbiome characteristics and the course of systemic diseases. . Literature searches were performed using RSCI, PubMed, Google Scholar, and included original research data published mainly in the last 5 years. . The review summarized data on the role of the oral microbiome in the development of a number of systemic diseases, including alimentary diseases. The importance of the major exogenous and endogenous factors that lead to changes in the oral microbiome, including diet, macro- and micronutrient composition of foods, was highlighted. Data were provided on the main types of microorganisms associated with the development and c ourse of a number of somatic diseases, represented mainly by obligate anaerobic periodontal pathogens (Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans). The role of the systemic inflammatory response as the main pathogenetic factor of oral dysbiosis has been described. The benefits of periodontal therapy in metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and dyslipidemia have been discussed. Promising approaches to correct oral dysbiosis have been presented. . The knowledge of the relationships between the oral microbiome composition, the development and characteristics of the course of somatic disease can contribute to the development of new technologies for its prevention and treatment. The change in the structure of the oral microbiome observed in systemic diseases is usually accompanied by a decrease in bacterial diversity and an increase in the number of pathogenic bacteria. Lifestyle modification, dietary therapy, smoking cessation, rational use of antibacterial drugs and treatment of periodontitis play an important role in normalising the structure of the oral microbiome.
Topics: Humans; Dysbiosis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Fusobacterium nucleatum
PubMed: 37801450
DOI: 10.33029/0042-8833-2023-92-4-6-19 -
Odontology Jan 2020Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides that are found in marine algae and have many useful activities, including antitumor effects, promotion of apoptosis of cancer...
Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides that are found in marine algae and have many useful activities, including antitumor effects, promotion of apoptosis of cancer cells, and antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergic actions. In oral medicine, several case reports have shown that fucoidan-containing creams and tablets markedly improved recurrent aphthous stomatitis, symptomatic inflamed tongue, and recurrent oral herpes labialis. The aim of this study was to examine the properties of fucoidans for use in oral healthcare. The antimicrobial, anti-adhesion, endotoxin-neutralizing, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities of fucoidans were examined. Four key results were obtained: fucoidans showed strong antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis; significantly inhibited the adhesion of S. mutans to bovine teeth and porcelain; were suggested to bind to and neutralize endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) in an LAL assay; and showed COX-1 and/or COX-2 inhibitory activity. These results suggested that fucoidans may be useful in the field of oral healthcare.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Cattle; Polysaccharides; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 31214896
DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00437-3 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Mar 2021This study aimed to analyze the following PICO question: Are animals infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) more... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to analyze the following PICO question: Are animals infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) more affected by neurodegeneration, similar to the pathogenesis generated by Alzheimer's disease (AD), compared with non-infected animals?
METHODS
Databases PubMed, Lilacs, SciELO, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched for pre-clinical in vivo studies in which mice were infected with P. gingivalis or received Pg-LPS, in order to assess the brain tissue and cognitive impairment. No limit for date or publication language was imposed and this study was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), with nine articles included. Syrcle's protocol was used to evaluate bias in the selected studies.
RESULTS
Nine articles were included. Infection by P. gingivalis or the administration of Pg-LPS increased the production of the inflammatory mediators, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL-6 (interleukin-6), and IL-1β (interleukin-1beta), augmented Aβ (amyloid beta) production, and activated the complement system, causing inflammation, brain tissue degeneration, and cognitive impairment, consistent with the damage in AD.
CONCLUSIONS
Infection by P. gingivalis and Pg-LPS administration appears to be in relation with the pathogenesis of AD by activating the complement cascade, increasing Aβ production and augmenting pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, causing age-dependent brain inflammation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Taking into account the importance of holistic treatment in the dental office, this study focuses on identifying highly prevalent oral diseases, such as periodontal disease, as risk factors for the aggravation of degenerative diseases in the elderly population.
Topics: Aged; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Humans; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 33469718
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03764-w -
Periodontology 2000 Oct 2021Loss of cognitive function in the aging population, particular those with Alzheimer disease, presents unique challenges to health practitioners. For the dental... (Review)
Review
Loss of cognitive function in the aging population, particular those with Alzheimer disease, presents unique challenges to health practitioners. For the dental practitioner these include management of periodontal diseases, caries, and other dental conditions in this special population. It is well established in the cognitively impaired patient that a lack of adherence to dental hygiene routines and professional care leads to increases in the prevalence and severity of these dental conditions, leading to increased loss of teeth. More recent evidence has indicated a possible role of the microbiota of dental plaque associated with periodontal diseases in the development and progression of Alzheimer disease, thereby supporting a two-way interaction of these two diseases. New therapies are needed to address the potential upstream events that may precede overt signs of Alzheimer disease. One of these approaches would be to target these various bacterial, viral, and other microbial pathogens associated with periodontal disease that can translocate into the bloodstream and then to distal sites, such as the brain. Such microbial translocation would lead to local inflammation and buildup of the hallmark signs of Alzheimer disease, including amyloid beta deposits, tau fragmentation and tangles, breakdown of host protective molecules, such as the apolipoproteins, and neuron toxicity. In this review, evidence for the biological basis of the role of the periodontal disease microflora on the initiation and progression of Alzheimer disease will be presented with a focus on the potential role of the keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis with its family of gingipain enzymes. The various mechanisms for which P. gingivalis gingipains may contribute to the initiation and progression of Alzheimer disease are presented. Small-molecule inhibitors of these gingipains and their effects on reducing biological markers of Alzheimer disease may have beneficial effects for the initiation and progression of loss of cognitive function in Alzheimer disease. In addition to these targeted therapies for specific periodontal pathogens, considerations for the dental practitioner in applying more general approaches to reducing the periodontal plaque microflora in the management of the cognitively impaired patient are discussed for this special population.
Topics: Aged; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Dentists; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Professional Role
PubMed: 34463981
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12389 -
Biomaterials Sep 2021Almost 50 % of the U.S. population suffers from oral infections such as periodontitis. Current treatment options for periodontitis include mechanical cleaning...
Almost 50 % of the U.S. population suffers from oral infections such as periodontitis. Current treatment options for periodontitis include mechanical cleaning procedures, which are performed often under local anesthesia and are time-consuming. Alternate option includes systemic antibiotics which increase the risk of antimicrobial resistance and are not recommended for prolonged usage. Topical treatments of gingiva-based antimicrobial agents have shown limited efficacy due to poor penetration of the therapeutic into deep gingiva where the infection resides. Herein, we report an Iongel of a Deep Eutectic Antimicrobial (IDEA), which simultaneously exhibits deep tissue penetration and antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis. In vivo studies confirmed that IDEA successfully penetrated into the gingiva and the gingival sulcus, where the pathogens primarily exist, within a short time. In vitro studies confirmed that the dose delivered was adequate to inactivate P. gingivalis biofilm. In vivo studies in a periodontal rat model confirmed that a topical treatment of IDEA eliminated pathogenic bacteria, and the disease progression was significantly suppressed. Safety studies confirmed excellent tolerance to IDEA. Altogether, IDEA offers a promising topical agent against periodontitis.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Biofilms; Gingiva; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Rats
PubMed: 34403848
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121069 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2024Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium commonly found in human subgingival plaque, is a major etiologic agent for periodontitis and has been...
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium commonly found in human subgingival plaque, is a major etiologic agent for periodontitis and has been associated with multiple systemic pathologies. Many P. gingivalis strains have been identified and different strains possess different virulence factors. Current oral microbiome approaches (16S or shotgun) have been unable to differentiate P. gingivalis strains. This study presents a new approach that aims to improve the accuracy of strain identification, using a detection method based on sequencing of the intergenic spacer region (ISR) which is variable between P. gingivalis strains. Our approach uses two-step PCR to amplify only the P. gingivalis ISR region. Samples are then sequenced with an Illumina sequencer and mapped to specific strains. Our approach was validated by examining subgingival plaque from 153 participants with and without periodontal disease. We identified the avirulent strain ATCC33277/381 as the most abundant strain across all sample types. The W83/W50 strain was significantly enriched in periodontitis, with 13% of participants harboring that strain. Overall, this approach can have significant implications not only for the diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease but also for other diseases where P. gingivalis or its toxins have been implicated, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Base Composition; Sequence Analysis, DNA; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Phylogeny; Periodontitis
PubMed: 38485747
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56849-x -
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Mar 2021Transcriptional regulation of autophagy depends on the transcription factors coordinated inflammatory feedback mechanism. Here, we provide a comprehensive functional...
INTRODUCTION
Transcriptional regulation of autophagy depends on the transcription factors coordinated inflammatory feedback mechanism. Here, we provide a comprehensive functional characterization of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) treated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS), aiming to reveal previously unappreciated biological changes and to investigate how a transcription factor differentiated embryonic chondrocytes 2 (Dec2)-deficient environment influences the function of autophagy in nflamed human PDLFs.
METHODS
A Dec2-deficient (Dec2KO) experimental periodontal inflammation mouse model and treatment with P. gingivalis LPS were employed to examine the role of autophagy in PDLFs using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry in vivo. A Dec2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to modulate autophagy, and the effect of autophagy on the Dec2 pathway was explored using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis in vitro.
RESULTS
LPS-treated human PDLFs (HPDLFs) induced autophagy, as demonstrated by the enhanced levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II (LC3-II) and the induction of ATG5, Beclin1, and Dec2. Compared with a scrambled siRNA, a Dec2 siRNA triggered the detrimental influences of LPS and markedly enhanced autophagy expression in inflamed HPDLFs. The expression of phosphorylated ERK was increased and levels of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were decreased after exposure to LPS in Dec2 siRNA transfected HPDLFs. The Dec2KO model exhibited that P. gingivalis in Dec2 deficient conditions increases the inflammation of PDLFs by regulating autophagy.
CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that a Dec2 deficiency can alleviate LPS-induced inflammation via the ERK/mTOR signaling pathway by regulating autophagy, conceivably delivering a novel approach for the detection of periodontal treatments.
Topics: Animals; Autophagy; Cells, Cultured; Lipopolysaccharides; Mice; Periodontal Ligament; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 33270996
DOI: 10.1002/iid3.389 -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Apr 2021To analyse, through a pre-clinical in vivo model, the possible mechanisms linking depression and periodontitis at behavioural, microbiological and molecular levels.
AIM
To analyse, through a pre-clinical in vivo model, the possible mechanisms linking depression and periodontitis at behavioural, microbiological and molecular levels.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Periodontitis (P) was induced in Wistar:Han rats (oral gavages with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum) during 12 weeks, followed by a 3-week period of Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) induction. Four groups (n = 12 rats/group) were obtained: periodontitis and CMS (P+CMS+); periodontitis without CMS; CMS without periodontitis; and control. Periodontal clinical variables, alveolar bone levels (ABL), depressive-like behaviour, microbial counts and expression of inflammatory mediators in plasma and brain frontal cortex (FC), were measured. ANOVA tests were applied.
RESULTS
The highest values for ABL occurred in the P+CMS+ group, which also presented the highest expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and NF-kB) in frontal cortex, related to the lipoprotein APOA1-mediated transport of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to the brain and the detection of F. nucleatum in the brain parenchyma. A dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis, reflected by the increase in plasma corticosterone and glucocorticoid receptor levels in FC, was also found in this group.
CONCLUSIONS
Neuroinflammation induced by F. nucleatum (through a leaky mouth) might act as the linking mechanism between periodontal diseases and depression.
Topics: Animals; Depression; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Periodontal Diseases; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 33432590
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13420