-
General and Comparative Endocrinology Sep 2024The gonadotrope cells within the pituitary control vital processes of reproduction by producing follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Both... (Review)
Review
The gonadotrope cells within the pituitary control vital processes of reproduction by producing follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Both external stimuli and internal regulatory factors contribute to the regulation of gonadotrope development and function. In recent years, growing evidences indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, play critical roles in multiple processes of gonadotrope development and function, including the syntheses of α or β subunits of FSH and LH, the secretion of LH, the regulation of GnRH signaling, and the maintenance of gonadotrope cell kinetics. Here, we review recent advances of miRNAs' expression, functions and mechanisms approached by using miRNA knockout mouse models, in silico analysis and the in vitro cultures of primary pituitary cells and gonadotrope-derived cell lines. By summarizing and discussing different roles of miRNAs in gonadotropes, this minireview helps to gain insights into the complex molecular network in gonadotropes and reproduction.
Topics: Animals; MicroRNAs; Gonadotrophs; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Mice; Luteinizing Hormone; Pituitary Gland; Humans
PubMed: 38797341
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114557 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Wound healing, a highly complex pathophysiological response to injury, includes four overlapping phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling.... (Review)
Review
Wound healing, a highly complex pathophysiological response to injury, includes four overlapping phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Initiation and resolution of the inflammatory response are the primary requirements for wound healing, and are also key events that determines wound quality and healing time. Currently, the number of patients with persistent chronic wounds has generally increased, which imposes health and economic burden on patients and society. Recent studies have found that microRNA(miRNA) plays an essential role in the inflammation involved in wound healing and may provide a new therapeutic direction for wound treatment. Therefore, this review focused on the role and significance of miRNA in the inflammation phase of wound healing.
Topics: Humans; Inflammation; MicroRNAs; Wound Healing
PubMed: 35386721
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852419 -
Cytogenetic and Genome Research 2022Noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) are a kind of endogenous RNA that regulate many vital bioprocesses with limited ability to encode polypeptides. Most of them are involved in... (Review)
Review
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) are a kind of endogenous RNA that regulate many vital bioprocesses with limited ability to encode polypeptides. Most of them are involved in transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulations, thus showing some biological effects. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is a reversible modification that adjusts RNA's functions and stability. The enzymes that regulate m6A can be divided into "writers," "readers," and "erasers." Mechanically, m6A modification of microRNA is mainly identified by DGVR8, participating in the processing of primary micro-RNAs, while m6A modification on long noncoding RNA (lnc-RNA) can change its spatial structure and stability to regulate its RNA- or protein-binding ability. The m6A-modified lnc-RNA and circular RNA can act as competing endogenous RNAs, sponge downstream miRNA. Moreover, ncRNA can also regulate m6A level of downstream molecules. Here, we elaborate on recent advances about pathways and underlying molecular mechanisms of how the interaction between m6A and ncRNA is involved in the occurrence and development of various diseases, especially cancer.
Topics: Humans; Gene Expression Regulation; Neoplasms; RNA, Long Noncoding; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 36122561
DOI: 10.1159/000526035 -
Nature Communications Jan 2022Abnormalities of ventricular action potential cause malignant cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we aim to identify microRNAs that regulate the human...
Abnormalities of ventricular action potential cause malignant cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we aim to identify microRNAs that regulate the human cardiac action potential and ask whether their manipulation allows for therapeutic modulation of action potential abnormalities. Quantitative analysis of the microRNA targetomes in human cardiac myocytes identifies miR-365 as a primary microRNA to regulate repolarizing ion channels. Action potential recordings in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes show that elevation of miR-365 significantly prolongs action potential duration in myocytes derived from a Short-QT syndrome patient, whereas specific inhibition of miR-365 normalizes pathologically prolonged action potential in Long-QT syndrome myocytes. Transcriptome analyses in these cells at bulk and single-cell level corroborate the key cardiac repolarizing channels as direct targets of miR-365, together with functionally synergistic regulation of additional action potential-regulating genes by this microRNA. Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments confirm miR-365-dependent regulation of repolarizing ionic current I. Finally, refractory period measurements in human myocardial slices substantiate the regulatory effect of miR-365 on action potential in adult human myocardial tissue. Our results delineate miR-365 to regulate human cardiac action potential duration by targeting key factors of cardiac repolarization.
Topics: Action Potentials; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Gene Expression Profiling; HEK293 Cells; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Long QT Syndrome; MicroRNAs; Myocardium; Myocytes, Cardiac
PubMed: 35017523
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27856-7 -
General and Comparative Endocrinology Sep 2020The sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone(s) (JHs) of insects are the primary regulators of growth, metamorphosis, and reproduction in most insect species. As a consequence,... (Review)
Review
The sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone(s) (JHs) of insects are the primary regulators of growth, metamorphosis, and reproduction in most insect species. As a consequence, it is essential that JH production be precisely regulated so that it is present only during appropriate periods necessary for the control of these processes. The presence of JH at inappropriate times results in disruption to metamorphosis and development and, in some cases, to disturbances in female reproduction. Neuropeptides regulate the timing and production of JH by the corpora allata. Allatostatin and allatotropin were the names coined for neuropeptides that serve as inhibitors or stimulators of JH biosynthesis, respectively. Three different allatostatin neuropeptide families are capable of inhibiting juvenile hormone but only one family is utilized for that purpose dependent on the insect studied. The function of allatotropin also varies in different insects. These neuropeptides are pleiotropic in function acting on diverse physiological processes in different insects such as muscle contraction, sleep and neuromodulation. Genome projects and expression studies have assigned individual neuropeptide families to their respective receptors. An understanding of the localization of these receptors is providing clues as to how numerous peptide families might be integrated in regulating physiological functions. In recent years microRNAs have been identified that down-regulate enzymes and transcription factors that are involved in the biosynthesis and action of juvenile hormone.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Evolution, Molecular; Insect Hormones; Juvenile Hormones; MicroRNAs; Neuropeptides
PubMed: 32413346
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113507 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a severe pregnancy complication for both the woman and the child. Women who suffer from GDM have a greater risk of developing Type... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a severe pregnancy complication for both the woman and the child. Women who suffer from GDM have a greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) later in life. Identification of any potential biomarkers for the early prediction of gestational diabetes can help prevent the disease in women with a high risk. Studies show microRNA (miRNA) as a potential biomarker for the early discovery of GDM, but there is a lack of clarity as to which miRNAs are consistently altered in GDM. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate miRNAs associated with GDM by comparing GDM cases with normoglycemic controls. The systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines with searches in PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. The primary search resulted in a total of 849 articles, which were screened according to the prior established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Following the screening of articles, the review was based on the inclusion of 35 full-text articles, which were evaluated for risk of bias and estimates of quality, after which data were extracted and relative values for miRNAs were calculated. A meta-analysis was performed for the miRNA species investigated in three or more studies: MiR-29a, miR-330, miR-134, miR-132, miR-16, miR-223, miR-155, miR-122, miR-17, miR-103, miR-125, miR-210, and miR-222. While some miRNAs showed considerable between-study variability, miR-29a, miR-330, miR-134, miR-16, miR-223, and miR-17 showed significant overall upregulation in GDM, while circulating levels of miR-132 and miR-155 were decreased among GDM patients, suggesting further studies of these as biomarkers for early GDM discovery.
Topics: Pregnancy; Child; Humans; Female; Diabetes, Gestational; Circulating MicroRNA; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; MicroRNAs; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37047159
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076186 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Nov 2023Fibrotic disorders are defined by accumulating excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) components, especially collagens, in various organs, leading to tissue scarring and... (Review)
Review
Fibrotic disorders are defined by accumulating excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) components, especially collagens, in various organs, leading to tissue scarring and organ dysfunction. These conditions are associated with significant challenges in the healthcare system because of their progressive nature and limited treatment options. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules (approximately 22 nucleotides) that modulate gene expression by selectively targeting mRNAs for degradation or translational repression. MiRNAs have recently been identified as potential targets for therapeutic developments in fibrotic disorders. They play vital roles in inducing fibrotic phenotype by regulating fibroblast activation and ECM remodeling. Multiple strategies for targeting specific miRNAs in fibrotic disorders have been explored, including antisense oligonucleotides, small molecule modulators, and natural compounds. This review discussed the role of miRNAs in different fibrotic disorders, including cardiac fibrosis, liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, lung fibrosis, dermal fibrosis, and primary myelofibrosis, with recent advances in developing miRNA-based therapeutics.
Topics: Humans; MicroRNAs; Fibrosis; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Liver Cirrhosis; Oligonucleotides, Antisense
PubMed: 38062842
DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2811317 -
Biomolecules Jan 2023Primary transcripts of microRNAs (pri-miRNAs) were initially defined as long non-coding RNAs that host miRNAs further processed by the microRNA processor complex. A few... (Review)
Review
Primary transcripts of microRNAs (pri-miRNAs) were initially defined as long non-coding RNAs that host miRNAs further processed by the microRNA processor complex. A few years ago, however, it was discovered in plants that pri-miRNAs actually contain functional open reading frames (sORFs) that translate into small peptides called miPEPs, for microRNA-encoded peptides. Initially detected in and , recent studies have revealed the presence of miPEPs in other pri-miRNAs as well as in other species ranging from various plant species to animals. This suggests that miPEP numbers remain largely underestimated and that they could be a common signature of pri-miRNAs. Here we present the most recent advances in miPEPs research and discuss how their discovery has broadened our vision of the regulation of gene expression by miRNAs, and how miPEPs could be interesting tools in sustainable agriculture or the treatment of certain human diseases.
Topics: Humans; Animals; MicroRNAs; Peptides; Plants; Arabidopsis; RNA, Long Noncoding; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 36830576
DOI: 10.3390/biom13020206 -
Current Problems in Cardiology Dec 2023Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) encompass a range of disorders, from congenital heart malformation, cardiac valve, peripheral artery, coronary artery, cardiac muscle... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) encompass a range of disorders, from congenital heart malformation, cardiac valve, peripheral artery, coronary artery, cardiac muscle diseases, and arrhythmias, ultimately leading to heart failure. Despite therapeutic advancements, CVDs remain the primary cause of global mortality, highlighting the need for a thorough knowledge of CVDs at the level of molecular structure. Gene and microRNA (miRNA) expression variations significantly influence cellular pathways, impacting an organism's physiology. MiRNAs, in particular, serve as regulators of gene expression, playing critical roles in essential cellular pathways and influencing the development of various diseases, including CVD. A wealth of evidence supports the involvement of miRNAs in CVD progression. These findings highlight the potential of miRNAs as valuable diagnostic biomarkers and open new avenues for their therapeutic application in CVDs. This study focuses on the latest advancements in identifying and characterizing microRNAs, exploring their manipulation and clinical application, and discussing future perspectives.
Topics: Humans; MicroRNAs; Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Failure
PubMed: 37544621
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102010 -
Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology Nov 2020Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key players in variety of biogenesis and biological functions. Their aberrant expression has been implicated in disease progression. NcRNAs... (Review)
Review
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key players in variety of biogenesis and biological functions. Their aberrant expression has been implicated in disease progression. NcRNAs can be divided into short ncRNAs whose subtypes are mainly microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA). They are involved in cellular processes, including gene regulation, development and disease. The retina is a remarkably sophisticated instrument with interconnected cell types and is the primary target of many genetic diseases. In addition, in terms of retinal dyshomeostasis and inflammation, ncRNAs seems to play critical roles in many retinal diseases. Here, we provide an overview of ncRNAs in developing retina. We also review how does these ncRNAs function in various retinal diseases including animal and human models. These data indicate that ncRNAs regulate cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and contribute to initiation and progression of retinal diseases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; MicroRNAs; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Untranslated; Retina; Retinal Diseases
PubMed: 32519377
DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13806