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Journal of Psychiatric Research Sep 2020Early studies reported a prolactin surge during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The aim of this study is to review and meta-analyze data on ECT-related prolactin... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Early studies reported a prolactin surge during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The aim of this study is to review and meta-analyze data on ECT-related prolactin changes.
METHOD
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted for trials investigating prolactin changes in ECT-treated patients using standard mean differences (SMD, 95% confidence intervals). Subgroup analyses included comparisons of ECT-related prolactin changes in women vs. men, patients receiving different anesthetics, bilateral vs. unilateral and high-vs. low-dose ECT.
RESULTS
In six trials including 109 ECT-treated patients and 74 controls, prolactin changes were larger in ECT-treated patients than in controls (SMD = 0.89, 95%CI = 0.55, 1.23, p < 0.001 and 1.03, 95%CI = 0.31, 1.75, p = 0.005 for the fixed and random-effect model respectively), despite heterogeneity in the samples (I = 72%, τ = 0.62). Effects were led by differences in patients premedicated with methohexital (SMD = 1.14, 95%CI = 0.7, 1.57, p < 0.001 for both fixed and random-effect model). A meta-regression reported significant age effects (coefficient estimate 2.32, 95%CI = -0.73, 3.91, p < 0.01). Additionally, prolactin changes were larger in ECT-treated women than men (SMD = 0.88, 95%CI = 0.58, 1.18, p < 0.001 and 0.99, 95%CI = 0.22, 1.75, p = 0.012 for the fixed and random effect model). Bilateral ECT-treated patients had larger increase than unilateral ECT-treated patients (SMD = -0.81, 95%CI = -1.35, -0.27, p = 0.003 and -0.86, 95%CI = -1.46, -0.25, p = 0.006 for the fixed and random-effect model). Comparisons between high- and low-dose ECT-treated patients could not be conducted. The quality of the studies was overall poor, with four exceptions.
DISCUSSION
Patients receiving ECT had larger prolactin increases than controls. Increases were larger in methohexital-premedicated patients, women vs. men and patients with bilateral vs. unilateral ECT.
Topics: Electroconvulsive Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Prolactin
PubMed: 32516627
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.024 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Jun 2022Prolactin (PRL) cells within the (RPD) of euryhaline and eurythermal Mozambique tilapia, , rapidly respond to a hyposmotic stimulus by releasing two distinct PRL...
Prolactin (PRL) cells within the (RPD) of euryhaline and eurythermal Mozambique tilapia, , rapidly respond to a hyposmotic stimulus by releasing two distinct PRL isoforms, PRL and PRL. Here, we describe how environmentally relevant temperature changes affected mRNA levels of and and the release of immunoreactive prolactins from RPDs and dispersed PRL cells. When applied under isosmotic conditions (330 mosmol/kgHO), a 6°C rise in temperature stimulated the release of PRL and PRL from both RPDs and dispersed PRL cells under perifusion. When exposed to this same change in temperature, ∼50% of dispersed PRL cells gradually increased in volume by ∼8%, a response partially inhibited by the water channel blocker, mercuric chloride. Following their response to increased temperature, PRL cells remained responsive to a hyposmotic stimulus (280 mosmol/kgHO). The mRNA expression of , a Ca-channel involved in hyposmotically induced PRL release, was elevated in response to a rise in temperature in dispersed PRL cells and RPDs at 6 and 24 h, respectively; and mRNAs were unaffected. Our findings indicate that thermosensitive PRL release is mediated, at least partially, through a cell-volume-dependent pathway similar to how osmoreceptive PRL release is achieved.
Topics: Animals; Cell Size; Pituitary Gland; Prolactin; RNA, Messenger; Tilapia; Water
PubMed: 35438003
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00027.2022 -
Growth Hormone & IGF Research :... Aug 2022Despite many similarities between the structure, receptors, proliferative and growth promoting actions, the relationship between Prolactin (PRL) and Growth Hormone (GH)...
BACKGROUND
Despite many similarities between the structure, receptors, proliferative and growth promoting actions, the relationship between Prolactin (PRL) and Growth Hormone (GH) in clinical conditions has received little attention.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the PRL response to GH stimulation tests.
SUBJECTS
Prepubertal and early pubertal boys (n = 581) and girls (n = 502) with idiopathic, non-syndromatic short stature.
DESIGN
Data was retrieved from the computerized records of the Endocrine Laboratory, Schneider Children's Medical Center. Peak GH and PRL levels during GH stimulation tests with glucagon (Gluc), Clonidine (Clon) and Clonidine with arginine (Clon+Arg), were compared. Both PRL and GH were determined by radioimmunoassay.
RESULTS
Whereas Gluc stimulated both GH and PRL to similar levels, Clon alone or combined with Arg suppressed the PRL secretion (p < 0.0001). It is also evident that in both boys and girls Clon alone and Clon±Arg are superior to Gluc in GH stimulation. The higher GH levels during Clon+Arg than with Clon alone are attributed to the pubertal stage.
CONCLUSION
This study provides further information on the Prolactin-Growth hormone relationship in children.
Topics: Arginine; Child; Clonidine; Female; Growth Hormone; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Male; Prolactin
PubMed: 35779406
DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101483 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Breast cancer is a major disease affecting women worldwide. A woman has 1 in 8 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, and morbidity and mortality due to this disease... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer is a major disease affecting women worldwide. A woman has 1 in 8 lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, and morbidity and mortality due to this disease are expected to continue to rise globally. Breast cancer remains a challenging disease due to its heterogeneity, propensity for recurrence and metastasis to distant vital organs including bones, lungs, liver and brain ultimately leading to patient death. Despite the development of various therapeutic strategies to treat breast cancer, still there are no effective treatments once metastasis has occurred. Loss of differentiation and increased cellular plasticity and stemness are being recognized molecularly and clinically as major derivers of heterogeneity, tumor evolution, relapse, metastasis, and therapeutic failure. In solid tumors, breast cancer is one of the leading cancer types in which tumor differentiation state has long been known to influence cancer behavior. Reprograming and/or restoring differentiation of cancer cells has been proposed to provide a viable approach to reverse the cancer through differentiation and terminal maturation. The hormone prolactin (PRL) is known to play a critical role in mammary gland lobuloalveolar development/remodeling and the terminal differentiation of the mammary epithelial cells promoting milk proteins gene expression and lactation. Here, we will highlight recent discoveries supporting an anti-tumorigenic role for PRL in breast cancer as a "pro/forward-differentiation" pathway restricting plasticity, stemness and tumorigenesis.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Carcinogenesis; Female; Humans; Milk Proteins; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Prolactin
PubMed: 36157462
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.993570 -
Neuroimmunomodulation 2022Prolactin (PRL) exerts inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties and is also thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Prolactin (PRL) exerts inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties and is also thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, serum PRL levels in patients with NDs were inconsistent in the research literature.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to assess the serum PRL levels in patients with NDs.
METHODS
Electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library database, clinicaltrials.gov, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, and reference lists of articles were searched up to December 31, 2020. Pooled standard mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated by fixed-effect or random-effect model analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 36 comparisons out of 29 studies (3 RCTs and 26 case controls) focusing on NDs (including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease [HD], multiple sclerosis [MS], and epilepsy) were reported. The meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in serum PRL levels between patients with NDs and healthy controls (SMD = 0.40, 95% CI: -0.16 to 0.96, p = 0.16). Subgroup analysis showed that serum PRL levels in patients with HD and MS were higher than those of healthy controls. Furthermore, patients with NDs aged <45 years had higher serum PRL levels (SMD = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.16-1.78, p = 0.018) than healthy controls. High serum PRL levels were found in subgroups such as the microenzymatic method, Asia, and the Americas.
CONCLUSIONS
Our meta-analysis showed serum PRL levels in patients with HD and MS were significantly higher than those in healthy controls. Serum PRL levels were associated with age, region, and detection method. Other larger sample studies using more uniform detection methods are necessary to confirm our results.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Humans; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Prolactin
PubMed: 34670217
DOI: 10.1159/000519552 -
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry May 2022Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone secreted from anterior pituitary involved in milk production in the females and regulation of sex drive in both sexes. PRL has... (Review)
Review
Prolactin (PRL) is a peptide hormone secreted from anterior pituitary involved in milk production in the females and regulation of sex drive in both sexes. PRL has pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions. High PRL serum level or hyperprolactinemia is associated with different viral infections. In coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which caused by positive-sense single-strand RNA virus known as severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), PRL serum level is increased. PRL in Covid-19 may exacerbate the underlying inflammatory status by induction release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, PRL through its anti-inflammatory effects may reduce the hyperinflammatory status in Covid-19. The underlying mechanism of increasing PRL in Covid-19 is poorly understood. Therefore, in this review we try to find the potential anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory role of PRL in Covid-19. As well, this review was aimed to discuss the underlying causes and mechanisms for Covid-19-induced hyperprolactinemia.
Topics: COVID-19; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Hyperprolactinemia; Male; Prolactin; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35147901
DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04381-9 -
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Jul 2022The most recognized role of mitochondria is producing more than 90% of the total cellular energy in the form of ATP. In addition, mitochondrial function encompasses the... (Review)
Review
The most recognized role of mitochondria is producing more than 90% of the total cellular energy in the form of ATP. In addition, mitochondrial function encompasses the maintenance of antioxidant balance, the regulation of intracellular calcium concentrations, the progression of cell death, and the biosynthesis of purines, hemes, lipids, amino acids and steroid hormones. Mitochondria are also important hormone targets. Estrogens, progestagens, and prolactin, are among the hormones that can impact mitochondrial function and modulate the underlying adaptations to changing bioenergetic and metabolic needs. Lactation represents a metabolic challenge with significant increases in energy requirements and fluctuating levels of hormones. To meet these bioenergetic demands, liver mitochondria increase their state 3 and 4 respiration, adjust superoxide dismutase activity, and elevate succinate dehydrogenase-related respiration. Skeletal muscle mitochondria respond by increasing their respiratory control ratio and adjusting catalase activity. In this review, these adaptations are described considering the lactation hormonal milieu.
Topics: Antioxidants; Energy Metabolism; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Lactation; Mitochondria; Prolactin
PubMed: 35483518
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111661 -
Schizophrenia Research Aug 2020Different therapeutic strategies are used for lowering prolactin concentrations in patients with psychotic disorders with antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia. We... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Different therapeutic strategies are used for lowering prolactin concentrations in patients with psychotic disorders with antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia. We aimed to examine the evidence from open-label studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that studied four prolactin-lowering therapeutic strategies in people with psychotic disorders and hyperprolactinaemia: 1) switching to prolactin-sparing antipsychotics; 2) adding aripiprazole; 3) adding dopamine agonists; and 4) adding metformin. RCTs were included in a meta-analysis. Effect sizes (Hedges' g) of prolactin reductions with each strategy were calculated. Withdrawal rates were also considered. We identified 26 studies. Nine studies explored switching antipsychotic treatment to aripiprazole (n = 4), olanzapine (n = 1), quetiapine (n = 2), paliperidone palmitate (n = 1) or blonanserin (n = 1). Twelve studies tested the addition of aripiprazole. Six studies explored the addition of cabergoline (n = 3), bromocriptine (n = 2) or terguride (n = 1). We also found one meta-analysis testing the addition of metformin to antipsychotic treatment but no other individual studies. A meta-analysis could only be performed for the addition of aripiprazole, the strategy with the best level of evidence. Five RCTs testing the addition of aripiprazole yielded a significant reduction in prolactin concentration compared to placebo (N = 3) or maintaining antipsychotic treatment (N = 2): Hedges' g was -1.35 (CI 95%: -1.93 to -0.76, p < 0.001). The three placebo-controlled RCTs for aripiprazole addition showed similar withdrawal rates for aripiprazole (10.1%) and placebo (11.5%), without significant differences in the meta-analysis. Our study suggests that, in terms of levels of evidence, adding aripiprazole is the first option to be considered for lowering prolactin concentrations in patients with schizophrenia and hyperprolactinaemia.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Aripiprazole; Benzodiazepines; Humans; Hyperprolactinemia; Prolactin; Psychotic Disorders
PubMed: 32507371
DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.031 -
Trends in Neurosciences Aug 2020Women experience many pain conditions more frequently when compared with men, but the biological mechanisms underlying sex differences in pain remain poorly understood.... (Review)
Review
Women experience many pain conditions more frequently when compared with men, but the biological mechanisms underlying sex differences in pain remain poorly understood. In particular, little is known about possible sex differences in peripheral nociceptors, the fundamental building blocks of pain transmission. Emerging evidence reveals that prolactin (PRL) signaling at its cognate prolactin receptor (PRLR) in primary afferents promotes nociceptor sensitization and pain in a female-selective fashion. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the female-selective role of PRL/PRLR in nociceptor sensitization and in pathological pain conditions, including postoperative, inflammatory, neuropathic, and migraine pain, as well as opioid-induced hyperalgesia. The clinical implications of the peripheral PRL/PRLR system for the discovery of new therapies for pain control in women are also discussed.
Topics: Female; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Male; Nociceptors; Pain; Prolactin; Receptors, Prolactin
PubMed: 32620290
DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.06.003 -
General and Comparative Endocrinology Feb 2022To understand the proximate mechanisms regulating brood desertion, we studied hormonal and behavioural stress responses during the chick-rearing period in adult...
To understand the proximate mechanisms regulating brood desertion, we studied hormonal and behavioural stress responses during the chick-rearing period in adult Whiskered Terns (Chlidonias hybrida), a socially monogamous, semi-precocial species with prolonged post-fledging parental care. In contrast to males, almost all females of this species desert during the chick-rearing and post-fledging periods. Because of the expected link between corticosterone, prolactin and parental investment, we hypothesized that males and females should differ in circulating prolactin and corticosterone concentrations. Baseline hormone concentrations did not differ between males and females. In both sexes, prolactin and corticosterone concentrations decreased and increased in response to acute stress (30 min after capture), respectively. Baseline and stress-induced prolactin concentrations decreased significantly in both sexes with advancing brood age. As expected, males had significantly higher stress-induced prolactin concentrations than females. None of the nine males released after being held in captivity for 24 h deserted, whereas four (29%) of the 14 females kept in captivity for 24 h did so. Altogether, these results suggest that higher prolactin concentrations may be involved in the maintenance of parental care under stress. However, there was no statistically significant difference in stress-induced hormone levels between males, females that deserted and those that returned to the nest after prolonged stress (24 h). Our data indicate that males are probably more resistant to stress as regards the continuation of parental care. The pattern of male and female behavioural and hormonal responses to stress partially predicts their behaviour in terms of natural desertion.
Topics: Animals; Charadriiformes; Corticosterone; Female; Male; Maternal Behavior; Nesting Behavior; Prolactin; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 34800441
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113943