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Biology Aug 2023Although microglia exist as a minor glial cell type in the normal state of the brain, they increase in number in response to various disorders and insults. However, it... (Review)
Review
Although microglia exist as a minor glial cell type in the normal state of the brain, they increase in number in response to various disorders and insults. However, it remains unclear whether microglia proliferate in the affected area, and the mechanism of the proliferation has long attracted the attention of researchers. We analyzed microglial mitosis using a facial nerve transection model in which the blood-brain barrier is left unimpaired when the nerves are axotomized. Our results showed that the levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), cFms (the receptor for M-CSF), cyclin A/D, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were increased in microglia in the axotomized facial nucleus (axotFN). In vitro experiments revealed that M-CSF induced cFms, cyclin A/D, and PCNA in microglia, suggesting that microglia proliferate in response to M-CSF in vivo. In addition, M-CSF caused the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, and the specific inhibitors of JNK and p38 arrested the microglial mitosis. JNK and p38 were shown to play roles in the induction of cyclins/PCNA and cFms, respectively. cFms was suggested to be induced through a signaling cascade of p38-mitogen- and stress-activated kinase-1 (MSK1)-cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) and/or p38-activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2). Microglia proliferating in the axotFN are anticipated to serve as neuroprotective cells by supplying neurotrophic factors and/or scavenging excite toxins and reactive oxygen radicals.
PubMed: 37627005
DOI: 10.3390/biology12081121 -
PeerJ 2020Bryozoans are small benthic colonial animals; their colonies consist of zooids which are composed of a cystid and polypide. According to morphological and molecular...
Bryozoans are small benthic colonial animals; their colonies consist of zooids which are composed of a cystid and polypide. According to morphological and molecular data, three classes of bryozoans are recognized: Phylactolaemata, Gymnolaemata and Stenolaemata. Bryozoans are active suspension feeders and their feeding apparatus, the lophophore, is fringed with a single row of ciliated tentacles. In gymnolaemates, the lophophore is bell-shaped and its tentacles may be equal in length (equitentacled lophophores) or some tentacles may be longer than others (obliquely truncated lophophores). In encrusting colonies, polypides with obliquely truncated lophophores usually border specific sites of excurrent water outlets (colony periphery and chimneys) where depleted water has to be removed. It is known that during colony astogeny, colony-wide water currents rearrange: new chimneys are formed and/or location of the chimneys within a given colony changes with time. Such rearrangement requires remodeling of the lophophore shape and lengthening of some tentacles in polypides surrounding water outlets. However, proliferating activity has not been described for bryozoans. Here, we compared the distribution of S-phase and mitotic cells in young and adult polypides in three species of Gymnolaemata. We tested the hypothesis that tentacle growth/elongation is intercalary and cell proliferation takes place somewhere at the lophophore base because such pattern does not interfere with the feeding process. We also present a detailed description of ultrastructure of two parts of the lophophore base: the oral region and ciliated pits, and uncover the possible function of the latter. The presence of stem cells within the ciliated pits and the oral region of polypides provide evidence that both sites participate in tentacle elongation. This confirms the suggested hypothesis about intercalary tentacle growth which provides a potential to alter a lophophore shape in adult polypides according to rearrangement of colony wide water currents during colony astogeny. For the first time deuterosome-like structures were revealed during kinetosome biogenesis in the prospective multiciliated epithelial cells in invertebrates. Tentacle regeneration experiments in demonstrated that among all epidermal cell types, only non-ciliated cells at the abfrontal tentacle surface are responsible for wound healing. Ciliated cells on the frontal and lateral tentacle surfaces are specialized and unable to proliferate, not even under wound healing. Tentacle regeneration in is very slow and similar to the morphallaxis type. We suggest that damaged tentacles recover their length by a mechanism similar to normal growth, powered by proliferation of cells both within ciliated pits and the oral region.
PubMed: 32523809
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9179 -
The Journal of Poultry Science 2023A germline chimera is a useful model for developing and differentiating germ cells . Gonadal germ cells (GGCs) collected from chicken embryonic gonads may be used to...
A germline chimera is a useful model for developing and differentiating germ cells . Gonadal germ cells (GGCs) collected from chicken embryonic gonads may be used to produce germline chimeras as donor cells. However, the migratory and proliferative abilities of GGCs after transfer into recipient embryos are unclear. Here, the migratory and proliferative abilities of GGCs collected from 7-day-old White Leghorn embryos and fluorescently labeled were analyzed following transfer into the dorsal aorta of 2.5-day-old Rhode Island Red (RIR) embryos. Five days after transfer, the numbers of male and female GGCs were significantly higher in the RIR gonads than those in non-gonadal RIR organs when 50 GGCs were transferred per embryo. To analyze the temporal migration of GGCs in intermediate mesoderm, 50 GGCs were again transferred. The numbers of male and female GGCs in RIR gonads increased significantly from days 3 to 6 after transfer. To analyze GGC migration and proliferation in the gonads, a single GGC was transferred into 100 male and 100 female embryos. Five days after transfer, the frequencies of settled and proliferated GGCs were 37% (37/100) and 24% (24/100) in males, and 23% (23/100) and 8% (8/100) in females, respectively. Thus, GGCs are a heterogeneous cell population that may or may not have migratory and proliferative abilities. The heterogeneity of GGCs may be greater in females than that in males. When 50 GGCs were transplanted, almost all those present in embryos had settled and proliferated in the gonads and mesonephros. The migratory and proliferative abilities of GGCs in recipient gonads were considerably diverse in individual GGCs or between donor sexes.
PubMed: 38034482
DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2023028 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2021The gold nanorods (GNRs) embedded alginate-chitosan (scaffold), which was designed and fabricated to produce efficient handling of the cell proliferations. Scaffold...
The gold nanorods (GNRs) embedded alginate-chitosan (scaffold), which was designed and fabricated to produce efficient handling of the cell proliferations. Scaffold embedded GNR (SGNR) and NIR (near infrared) irradiations are developing into an interesting medical prognosis tool for rabbit chondrocyte (RC) proliferation. SGNR contained a pattern of uniform pores. Biocompatibility and cellular proliferation achieved by disclosures to NIR irradiations, providing high cell survival. SGNR and NIR irradiations could produce mechanical and biochemical cues for regulating RCs proliferations. To determine the thermal stress, it exposed RCs to 39-42 °C for 0-240 min at the start point of the cell culture cycle. It produced photothermal stress in cellular surrounding (cells located adjacent to and within scaffold) and it deals with the proliferation behavior of RC. All the processes were modeled with experimental criteria and time evolution process. Our system could help the cell proliferation by generating heat for cells. Hence, the present strategy could be implemented for supporting cell therapeutics after transplantation. This implementation would open new design techniques for integrating the interfaces between NIR irradiated and non-irradiated tissues.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Chondrocytes; Gold; Nanotubes; Phototherapy; Rabbits
PubMed: 34588578
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98929-2 -
Physiological Reports Feb 2022Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. PAH is characterized by pulmonary artery remodeling, elevated right...
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. PAH is characterized by pulmonary artery remodeling, elevated right ventricular pressure (RVP) and, ultimately, cardiac failure. Pulmonary endothelial cells can sense danger or damage caused by mechanical injury or pathogens through alarmin cytokines. These cytokines can signal proliferation to restore barrier integrity or aberrant hyperproliferation and remodeling. We hypothesized that IL-33 signals pulmonary artery endothelial cells to proliferate under hypertensive conditions during the remodeling response and rise in RVP. To test this hypothesis, pulmonary hypertension (PH) was induced in C57Bl/6J, IL-33 receptor gene deleted (ST2 ) and MYD88 gene deleted (MYD88 ) mice by exposure to 10% O and SU5416 injections (SUHX). RVP, arterial wall thickness, endothelial cell proliferation and IL-33 levels and signaling were evaluated. In response to SUHX. RVP increased in C57Bl/6J mice in response to SUHX (49% male and 70% female; p < 0.0001) and this SUHX response was attenuated in ST2 mice (29% male p = 0.003; 30% female p = 0.001) and absent in MYD88 mice. Wall thickness was increased in SUHX C57Bl/6J mice (p = 0.005), but not in ST2 or MYD88 mice. Proliferating cells were detected in C57Bl/6J mice by flow cytometry (CD31 /BrDU ; p = 0.02) and immunofluorescence methods (Ki-67+). IL-33 was increased by SUHX (p = 0.03) but a genotype effect was not observed (p = 0.76). We observed that in hPAECs, IL-33 expression is regulated by both IL-33 and DLL4. These data suggest IL-33/ST2 signaling is essential for the endothelial cell proliferative response in PH.
Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Female; Gene Deletion; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Indoles; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein; Interleukin-33; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; Pyrroles; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35150208
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15185 -
Neuroscience Letters Jan 2022RUNX Family Transcription Factor 2 (Runx2) promotes neurite outgrowth after sciatic nerve injury, and Curcumin can promote the expression of Runx2. It is worthwhile to...
BACKGROUND
RUNX Family Transcription Factor 2 (Runx2) promotes neurite outgrowth after sciatic nerve injury, and Curcumin can promote the expression of Runx2. It is worthwhile to explore whether curcumin's repair effect on sciatic nerve injury is related to Runx2.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the repair effect of curcumin on sciatic nerve injury and its possible mechanism.
RESULTS
Curcumin improved the sciatic functional index (SFI) and toe spread index (TSI) of rats with sciatic nerve injury and increased the number and diameter of myelinated axons in the sciatic nerve. Curcumin promoted the myelination of SCs (Schwann cells) by increasing the expression of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22), fibrin, S100, and proliferating cell nuclear antige (PCNA). Curcumin treatment increased the proliferation of SCs and the expression of Runx2. Cell experiments further confirmed that curcumin promoted Schwann cell proliferation and myelination through Runx2.
CONCLUSION
Curcumin promotes SCs proliferation and myelination through Runx2 and improves sciatic nerve repair.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; Curcumin; Fibrin; Male; Myelin Proteins; Myelin Sheath; Nerve Regeneration; Neuroprotective Agents; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; S100 Proteins; Schwann Cells; Sciatica
PubMed: 34902518
DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136391 -
Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular... Oct 2022Circular RNAs are associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development and radiosensitivity. Nevertheless, the function and regulation mechanism of...
BACKGROUND
Circular RNAs are associated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development and radiosensitivity. Nevertheless, the function and regulation mechanism of hsa_circ_0079530 (circ_0079530) in NSCLC development and radiosensitivity are largely unknown.
METHODS
The abundances of circ_0079530, microRNA (miR-409-3p), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), E-cadherin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vitronectin, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 were determined via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction or western blotting. Cell proliferation, survival fraction, cycle process, migration, invasion, and in vivo growth were examined by cell counting kit-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, transwell, and xenograft analyses. The binding relationship was assessed via dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay.
RESULTS
Circ_0079530 expression was increased in NSCLC tissues and radioresistant samples. Circ_0079530 knockdown restrained cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and facilitated radiosensitivity. Circ_0079530 silence decreased tumor growth with or without radiation treatment. Circ_0079530 was verified as a miR-409-3p sponge, and miR-409-3p downregulation mitigated the effects of circ_0079530 interference on NSCLC cell malignancy and radiosensitivity. AQP4 was directly targeted by miR-409-3p. MiR-409-3p restrained cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and enhanced radiosensitivity by decreasing AQP4 expression. Notably, circ_0079530 silence decreased AQP4 expression by regulating miR-409-3p expression.
CONCLUSION
Circ_0079530 silence repressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and facilitated radiosensitivity in NSCLC cells by mediating miR-409-3p/AQP4 axis.
Topics: Humans; Aquaporin 4; Cadherins; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Lung Neoplasms; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; MicroRNAs; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Radiation Tolerance; RNA, Circular; Treatment Outcome; Vitronectin
PubMed: 35896371
DOI: 10.5761/atcs.oa.21-00237 -
Clinical & Translational Immunology 2019γδ T cells are fascinating cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. They have long been known to proliferate rapidly following infection; however, the... (Review)
Review
γδ T cells are fascinating cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. They have long been known to proliferate rapidly following infection; however, the identity of the specific γδ T cell subsets proliferating and the role of this expansion in protection from disease have only been explored more recently. Several recent studies have investigated γδ T-cell responses to vaccines targeting infections such as , and influenza, and studies in animal models have provided further insight into the association of these responses with improved clinical outcomes. In this review, we examine the evidence for a role for γδ T cells in vaccine-induced protection against various bacterial, protozoan and viral infections. We further discuss results suggesting potential mechanisms for protection, including cytokine-mediated direct and indirect killing of infected cells, and highlight remaining open questions in the field. Finally, building on current efforts to integrate strategies targeting γδ T cells into immunotherapies for cancer, we discuss potential approaches to improve vaccines for infectious diseases by inducing γδ T-cell activation and cytotoxicity.
PubMed: 31485329
DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1072 -
Advanced Biology Dec 2022Increased extracellular matrix (ECM) density in the tumor microenvironment has been shown to influence aspects of tumor progression such as proliferation and invasion....
Increased extracellular matrix (ECM) density in the tumor microenvironment has been shown to influence aspects of tumor progression such as proliferation and invasion. Increased matrix density means cells experience not only increased mechanical properties, but also a higher density of bioactive sites. Traditional in vitro ECM models like Matrigel and collagen do not allow these properties to be investigated independently. In this work, a poly(ethylene glycol)-based scaffold is used which modifies with integrin-binding sites for cell attachment and matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 sensitive sites for enzyme-mediated degradation. The polymer backbone density and binding site concentration are independently tuned and the effect each of these properties and their interaction have on the proliferation, invasion, and focal complex formation of two different tumor cell lines is evaluated. It is seen that the cell line of epithelial origin (Hs 578T, triple negative breast cancer) proliferates more, invades less, and forms more mature focal complexes in response to an increase in matrix adhesion sites. Conversely, the cell line of mesenchymal origin (HT1080, fibrosarcoma) proliferates more in 2D culture but less in 3D culture, invades less, and forms more mature focal complexes in response to an increase in matrix stiffness.
Topics: Hydrogels; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Cues; Extracellular Matrix; Biocompatible Materials; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 35996804
DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200084 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology,... 2023Syringocystadenoma papilliferum is a benign adnexal neoplasm. Contiguous squamous proliferation has been rarely described in syringocystadenoma papilliferum.
BACKGROUND
Syringocystadenoma papilliferum is a benign adnexal neoplasm. Contiguous squamous proliferation has been rarely described in syringocystadenoma papilliferum.
AIMS
This study aimed to evaluate the spectrum and pathogenesis of contiguous squamous proliferation in syringocystadenoma papilliferum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All cases of syringocystadenoma papilliferum diagnosed over the past 12 years were screened for contiguous squamous proliferation. Cases with associated nevus sebaceous were excluded from the study. Immunohistochemistry for GATA3, CK7, BRAFV600E and p16 was performed. PCR for human papilloma virus, type 16 and 18, was carried out.
RESULTS
Of a total of 30 cases, 14 cases showed associated contiguous squamous proliferation which included four cases of verrucous hyperplasia, six cases with papillomatosis, two cases with mild squamous hyperplasia and one case each of Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma. In the cases with non-neoplastic contiguous squamous proliferations, the squamous component did not express CK7 or GATA3. However, the squamous component of premalignant and malignant lesions expressed CK7 and GATA3 concordant with the adenomatous component. BRAF was positive in adenomatous component in five cases while the contiguous squamous proliferation component was negative for BRAF in all but one case. p16 was negative in both components of all cases and PCR for human papilloma virus was negative in all cases.
LIMITATIONS
Due to the rarity of disease, the sample size of our study was relatively small with two cases in the 2nd group, that is, syringocystadenoma papilliferum with malignant contiguous squamous proliferation. Detailed molecular studies such as gene sequencing were not performed.
CONCLUSION
Syringocystadenoma papilliferum with contiguous squamous proliferation is underreported, and most commonly displays verrucous hyperplasia. The premalignant and malignant contiguous squamous proliferations likely arise from syringocystadenoma papilliferum while the hyperplastic contiguous squamous proliferations likely arise from the adjacent epidermis. Relationship with high-risk human papilloma virus is unlikely. However, further molecular analysis of larger number of cases is required to establish the pathogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Tubular Sweat Gland Adenomas; Sweat Gland Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Hyperplasia; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
PubMed: 34623039
DOI: 10.25259/IJDVL_845_20