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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology Jan 2021Phenylpropanoid metabolism is one of the most important metabolisms in plants, yielding more than 8,000 metabolites contributing to plant development and... (Review)
Review
Phenylpropanoid metabolism is one of the most important metabolisms in plants, yielding more than 8,000 metabolites contributing to plant development and plant-environment interplay. Phenylpropanoid metabolism materialized during the evolution of early freshwater algae that were initiating terrestrialization and land plants have evolved multiple branches of this pathway, which give rise to metabolites including lignin, flavonoids, lignans, phenylpropanoid esters, hydroxycinnamic acid amides, and sporopollenin. Recent studies have revealed that many factors participate in the regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism, and modulate phenylpropanoid homeostasis when plants undergo successive developmental processes and are subjected to stressful environments. In this review, we summarize recent progress on elucidating the contribution of phenylpropanoid metabolism to the coordination of plant development and plant-environment interaction, and metabolic flux redirection among diverse metabolic routes. In addition, our review focuses on the regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational, and epigenetic levels, and in response to phytohormones and biotic and abiotic stresses.
Topics: Flavonoids; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Lignin; Propanols
PubMed: 33325112
DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13054 -
Chemical Reviews Aug 20221,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to... (Review)
Review
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
Topics: Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; Hydrogen Bonding; Propanols; Protons; Solvents
PubMed: 35848353
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2021Terra firma-forme dermatosis is an underreported acquired pigmentation disorder caused by keratinocyte retention that is not mentioned in many textbooks. It is...
Terra firma-forme dermatosis is an underreported acquired pigmentation disorder caused by keratinocyte retention that is not mentioned in many textbooks. It is characterized by the onset of asymptomatic hyperpigmented patches or velvety plaques potentially involving any part of the body, including the trunk, extremities, and the skin folds such as neck, axilla, inguinal region, and umbilical folds. It affects both sexes equally and all age groups, although it seems more prevalent in children with a mean age of 10.4 years. The prompt regression after rubbing with an alcohol-soaked gauze is diagnostic and curative. The cause of this affection remains unknown, although less rigorous hygiene or an atopic background is contributory.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Child; Female; Humans; Hygiene; Hyperpigmentation; Keratinocytes; Male
PubMed: 34272010
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.10.019 -
Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene :... Oct 2022This narrative review aims to compile and analyse infection prevention and control (IPAC) practices followed by dental clinics during 3 coronavirus outbreaks: SARS... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This narrative review aims to compile and analyse infection prevention and control (IPAC) practices followed by dental clinics during 3 coronavirus outbreaks: SARS (2002-2004), MERS (2012-2014), and COVID-19 (2019-); and to draw parallels from them for future epidemics.
METHODS
Data were collected from 3 databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, and Embase using search terms "SARS," "MERS," "COVID-19," "infection control," "disinfection," and "sterilization".
RESULTS
Careful examination of 108 peer-reviewed articles on the 3 outbreaks revealed the following commonalities in the IPAC practices of dental clinics: use of sodium hypochlorite (surface disinfectant), ethanol and 1-propanol (hand hygiene), povidone-iodine (oral rinse), high-volume evacuation (HVE), rubber dam isolation, anti-retraction handpieces, and fogging.
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
Ethanol, 1-propanol, sodium hypochlorite, povidone-iodine, photocatalysis, and fogging have been shown to be effective against various coronaviruses. However, more studies are required to validate the effectiveness of anti-retraction handpieces, rubber dam isolation, HVE, and cold atmospheric plasma specifically in infection control of the current coronavirus strain, SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Povidone-Iodine; 1-Propanol; Sodium Hypochlorite; SARS-CoV-2; Disease Outbreaks; Dental Care; Disinfection
PubMed: 36451994
DOI: No ID Found -
Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.) Aug 2019
Topics: 2-Propanol; Disinfectants; Drug Packaging; Humans; Infection Control; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 31169297
DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnz125 -
Contact Dermatitis Jan 2021The use of alcoholic-based hand rubs (ABHRs) is an important tool for hand hygiene, especially in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Possible irritant effects of ABHR may...
BACKGROUND
The use of alcoholic-based hand rubs (ABHRs) is an important tool for hand hygiene, especially in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Possible irritant effects of ABHR may prevent their use by persons at risk of infection.
METHODS
This systematic review is based on a PubMed search of articles published between January 2000 and September 2019 in English and German, and a manual search, related to the irritation potential of alcohol-based disinfectants restricted to n-propanol (1-propanol) and its structural isomer isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol, 2-propanol).
RESULTS
The majority of the included studies show a low irritation potential of n-propanol alone. However, recent studies provide evidence for significant barrier damage effects of repeated exposure to 60% n-propanol in healthy, as well as atopic skin in vivo. The synergistic response of combined irritants, (ie, a combination of n-propanol or isopropanol with detergents such as sodium lauryl sulfate) is greater, compared with a quantitatively identical application of the same irritant alone.
CONCLUSION
While recent studies indicate a higher risk of skin irritation for n-propanol and isopropanol than reported in the past, this risk still seems to be lower than that for frequent handwashing with detergents, as recommended by some to prevent COVID-19 infections.
Topics: 1-Propanol; 2-Propanol; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; COVID-19; Dermatitis, Irritant; Hand Disinfection; Humans
PubMed: 33063847
DOI: 10.1111/cod.13722 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Nov 2022Reports are available on cross-resistance between antibiotics and biocides. We evaluated the effect of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and propanol-based mecetronium ethyl...
BACKGROUND
Reports are available on cross-resistance between antibiotics and biocides. We evaluated the effect of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) and propanol-based mecetronium ethyl sulphate (PBM) on resistance development, antibiotics cross-resistance, and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus.
METHODS
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PVP-I and PBM were determined against S. aureus ATCC 25923 using the agar-dilution method. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was subjected to subinhibitory concentrations of the tested biocides in ten consecutive passages followed by five passages in a biocide-free medium; MIC was determined after each passage and after the fifth passage in the biocide-free medium. The developed resistant mutant was tested for cross-resistance to different antibiotics using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles as well as biocides' MIC were determined for 97 clinical S. aureus isolates. Isolates were categorized into susceptible and resistant to the tested biocides based on MIC distribution pattern. The virulence of the biocide-resistant mutant and the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of biocides on virulence (biofilm formation, hemolysin activity, and expression of virulence-related genes) were tested.
RESULTS
PVP-I and PBM MIC were 5000 μg/mL and 664 μg/mL. No resistance developed to PVP-I but a 128-fold increase in PBM MIC was recorded, by repeated exposure. The developed PBM-resistant mutant acquired resistance to penicillin, cefoxitin, and ciprofloxacin. No clinical isolates were PVP-I-resistant while 48.5% were PBM-resistant. PBM-resistant isolates were more significantly detected among multidrug-resistant isolates. PVP-I subinhibitory concentrations (¼ and ½ of MIC) completely inhibited biofilm formation and significantly reduced hemolysin activity (7% and 0.28%, respectively). However, subinhibitory concentrations of PBM caused moderate reduction in biofilm activity and non-significant reduction in hemolysin activity. The ½ MIC of PVP-I significantly reduced the expression of hla, ebps, eno, fib, icaA, and icaD genes. The virulence of the biocide-resistant mutant was similar to that of parent strain.
CONCLUSION
PVP-I is a highly recommended antiseptic for use in healthcare settings to control the evolution of high-risk clones. Exposure to PVP-I causes no resistance-development risk in S. aureus, with virulence inhibition by subinhibitory concentrations. Also, special protocols need to be followed during PBM use in hospitals to avoid the selection of resistant strains.
Topics: Humans; Staphylococcus aureus; Povidone-Iodine; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Virulence; 1-Propanol; Hemolysin Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Staphylococcal Infections; Disinfectants
PubMed: 36369050
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01178-9 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022The forensic toxicologist is challenged to provide scientific evidence to distinguish the source of ethanol (antemortem ingestion or microbial production) determined in... (Review)
Review
The forensic toxicologist is challenged to provide scientific evidence to distinguish the source of ethanol (antemortem ingestion or microbial production) determined in the postmortem blood and to properly interpret the relevant blood alcohol concentration (BAC) results, in regard to ethanol levels at death and subsequent behavioral impairment of the person at the time of death. Higher alcohols (1-propanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl-alcohol), and 3-methyl-2-butanol (amyl-alcohol)) are among the volatile compounds that are often detected in postmortem specimens and have been correlated with putrefaction and microbial activity. This brief review investigates the role of the higher alcohols as biomarkers of postmortem, microbial ethanol production, notably, regarding the modeling of postmortem ethanol production. Main conclusions of this contribution are, firstly, that the higher alcohols are qualitative and quantitative indicators of microbial ethanol production, and, secondly that the respective models of microbial ethanol production are tools offering additional data to interpret properly the origin of the ethanol concentrations measured in postmortem cases. More studies are needed to clarify current uncertainties about the origin of higher alcohols in postmortem specimens.
Topics: Alcohols; Autopsy; Blood Alcohol Content; Butanols; Ethanol; Forensic Toxicology; Humans; Pentanols; Postmortem Changes; Propanols
PubMed: 35163964
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030700 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022A mixed-valent trinuclear complex with 1,3-bis(5-chlorosalicylideneamino)-2-propanol (Hclsalpr) was synthesized, and the crystal structure was determined by the...
A mixed-valent trinuclear complex with 1,3-bis(5-chlorosalicylideneamino)-2-propanol (Hclsalpr) was synthesized, and the crystal structure was determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method at 90 K. The molecule is a trinuclear Co-Co-Co complex with octahedral geometries, having a tetradentate chelate of the Schiff-base ligand, bridging acetate, monodentate acetate coordination to each terminal Co ion and four bridging phenoxido-oxygen of two Schiff-base ligands, and two bridging acetate-oxygen atoms for the central Co ion. The electronic spectral feature is consistent with the mixed valent Co-Co-Co. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data could be analyzed by consideration of the axial distortion of the central Co ion with the parameters Δ = -254 cm, = -58 cm, = 0.93, = 0.00436 cm mol, = -0.469 K, = 6.90, and = 2.64, in accordance with a large anisotropy. The cyclic voltammogram showed an irreversible reduction wave at approximately -1.2 V·vs. Fc/Fc, assignable to the reduction of the terminal Co ions.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Acetates; Crystallography, X-Ray; Ligands; Oxygen; Schiff Bases
PubMed: 35807456
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134211 -
Environmental Science & Technology Jun 2022Here, we investigated the use of breath-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for rapid monitoring of air pollution health effects on humans. Forty-seven healthy...
Here, we investigated the use of breath-borne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for rapid monitoring of air pollution health effects on humans. Forty-seven healthy college students were recruited, and their exhaled breath samples ( = 235) were collected and analyzed for VOCs before, on, and after two separate haze pollution episodes using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). Using a paired t-test and machine learning model (Gradient Boosting Machine, GBM), six exhaled VOC species including propanol and isoprene were revealed to differ significantly among pre-, on-, and post-exposure in both haze episodes, while none was found between clean control days. The GBM model was shown capable of differentiating between pre- and on-exposure to haze pollution with a precision of 90-100% for both haze episodes. However, poor performance was detected for the same model between two different clean days. In addition to gender and particular haze occurrence influences, correlation analysis revealed that NH, NO, acetic acid, mesylate, CO, NO, PM, and O played important roles in the changes in breath-borne VOC fingerprints following haze air pollution exposure. This work has demonstrated direct evidence of human health impacts of haze pollution while identifying potential breath-borne VOC biomarkers such as propanol and isoprene for haze air pollution exposure.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Breath Tests; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Propanols; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 35559607
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01778