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Chirality Jun 2022Chiral separation of β-blockers is performed by utilizing the supercritical fluid chromatographic method. The chiral columns utilized were Chiralpak IG and Chiralpak... (Review)
Review
Chiral separation of β-blockers is performed by utilizing the supercritical fluid chromatographic method. The chiral columns utilized were Chiralpak IG and Chiralpak IBN-5. The finest mobile phase was CO -0.2% TEA in methanol (60:40). The values atenolol enantiomers retention factors were 6.39 and 8.98. These values for propranolol enantiomers were 3.39 and 4.06. These values for betaxolol enantiomers were 4.08 and 4.68. The separation and resolution factor values for atenolol, propranolol, and betaxolol were 1.41 and 3.33, 1.19 and 2.23, and 1.15 and 1.87, separately and respectively. By comparison, it was observed that Chiralpak IG column is better than Chiralpak IBN-5 column. Supercritical fluid chromatography has been found as the best analytical technique due to its high speed, being eco-friendly, and being economic. The various most probable interactions responsible for the chiral resolution are hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, steric effect, and π-π interactions. The reported methods are effective, efficient, and reproducible and may be used to separate and identify atenolol, propranolol, and betaxolol in any unknown samples.
Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Atenolol; Betaxolol; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; Propranolol; Stereoisomerism
PubMed: 35297109
DOI: 10.1002/chir.23440 -
Chemical Communications (Cambridge,... Sep 2022A new electrochemical selective annulative amino-ketalization and amino-oxygenation of 1,6-enynes with disulfonimides and alcohols is reported, producing a series of...
A new electrochemical selective annulative amino-ketalization and amino-oxygenation of 1,6-enynes with disulfonimides and alcohols is reported, producing a series of functionalized benzofurans under catalyst- and oxidant-free conditions. The annulative aminoketalization proceeds with simple short-chain alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and -propanol as -nucleophilic reagents, while the reaction occurs in the annulative aminooxygenation direction in the presence of water and large steric -butyl alcohol (SBA).
Topics: 1-Propanol; Alcohols; Catalysis; Ethanol; Methanol; Water
PubMed: 36043317
DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03922b -
Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach,... Jul 2023Fabricating perovskite films with a dominant crystal orientation is an effective path to realizing quasi-single-crystal perovskite film, which can eliminate the...
Fabricating perovskite films with a dominant crystal orientation is an effective path to realizing quasi-single-crystal perovskite film, which can eliminate the fluctuation of the electrical properties in films arising from grain-to-grain variations, and improve the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Perovskite (FAPbI ) films based on one-step antisolvent methods usually suffer from chaotic orientations due to the inevitable intermediate phase conversion from intermediates of PbI •DMSO, FA Pb I •4DMSO, and δ-FAPbI to α-FAPbI . Here, a high-quality perovskite film with (111) preferred orientation ((111)-α-FAPbI ) using a short-chain isomeric alcohol antisolvent, isopropanol (IPA) or isobutanol (IBA), is reported. The interaction between IPA and PbI leads to a corner-sharing structure instead of an edge-sharing PbI octahedron, sidestepping the formation of these intermediates. With the volatilization of IPA, FA can replace IPA in situ to form α-FAPbI along the (111) direction. Compared to randomly orientated perovskites, the dominantly (111) orientated perovskite ((111)-perovskite) exhibits improved carrier mobility, uniform surface potential, suppressed film defects and enhanced photostability. PSCs based on the (111)-perovskite films show 22% power conversion efficiency and excellent stability, which remains unchanged after 600 h continuous working at maximum power point, and 95% after 2000 h of storage in atmosphere environment.
Topics: Calcium Compounds; Oxides; 2-Propanol; Engineering
PubMed: 37026169
DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301115 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2019Phenolic compounds are an important class of plant secondary metabolites which play crucial physiological roles throughout the plant life cycle. Phenolics are produced... (Review)
Review
Phenolic compounds are an important class of plant secondary metabolites which play crucial physiological roles throughout the plant life cycle. Phenolics are produced under optimal and suboptimal conditions in plants and play key roles in developmental processes like cell division, hormonal regulation, photosynthetic activity, nutrient mineralization, and reproduction. Plants exhibit increased synthesis of polyphenols such as phenolic acids and flavonoids under abiotic stress conditions, which help the plant to cope with environmental constraints. Phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway is activated under abiotic stress conditions (drought, heavy metal, salinity, high/low temperature, and ultraviolet radiations) resulting in accumulation of various phenolic compounds which, among other roles, have the potential to scavenge harmful reactive oxygen species. Deepening the research focuses on the phenolic responses to abiotic stress is of great interest for the scientific community. In the present article, we discuss the biochemical and molecular mechanisms related to the activation of phenylpropanoid metabolism and we describe phenolic-mediated stress tolerance in plants. An attempt has been made to provide updated and brand-new information about the response of phenolics under a challenging environment.
Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; Plants; Polyphenols; Propanols; Salinity; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 31277395
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132452 -
American Journal of Infection Control Sep 2023Adenoviruses belong to the stable nonenveloped viruses playing an important role in healthcare-associated infections mainly causing respiratory infections and epidemic...
BACKGROUND
Adenoviruses belong to the stable nonenveloped viruses playing an important role in healthcare-associated infections mainly causing respiratory infections and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. Hand disinfection with alcoholic preparations is therefore one of the most important measures to prevent such viral infections in hospitals and other medical settings.
METHODS
The inactivation of adenovirus type 5 by ethanol, 1- and 2-propanol, and 2 commercially available hand disinfectants was examined at different concentrations, temperatures, and pH-values.
RESULTS
For ethanol and 1-propanol the maximum virus-inactivating properties after 30 seconds exposure were found at a concentration of 60%-70% and 50%-60%, respectively, whereas with 2-propanol no activity was observed. The virucidal activity of all alcohols and the 2 hand disinfectants examined was increased when raising the temperature from 20°C to 25°C. By increasing the pH value to 9, a strong improvement of the activity of ethanol, 1-propanol and 1 hand disinfectant was observed, whereas pH lowering resulted in decrease of activity.
CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate the importance of physical parameters in the inactivation of adenoviruses by alcohols and will help to improve measures to reduce adenovirus transmission in healthcare settings.
Topics: Humans; Alcohols; Adenoviruses, Human; Temperature; 2-Propanol; Hand Sanitizers; 1-Propanol; Disinfectants; Ethanol; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 36736900
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2023.01.014 -
Bioresource Technology Jan 2022The Isopropanol-Butanol-Ethanol productivity by solventogenic clostridia can increase when cells are immobilized on low-cost, renewable fibrous materials; however,...
The Isopropanol-Butanol-Ethanol productivity by solventogenic clostridia can increase when cells are immobilized on low-cost, renewable fibrous materials; however, butanol inhibition imposes the need for dilute sugar solutions (less than40 g/L). To alleviate this problem, the in-situ vacuum product recovery technique was applied to recover IBE in repeated-batch cultivation of Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6423 immobilized on sugarcane bagasse. Five repeated batch cycles were conducted in a 7-L bioreactor containing P2 medium (∼60 g/L glucose) and bagasse packed in 3D-printed concentric annular baskets. In three cycles, glucose was consumed by 86% on average, the IBE productivity was 0.35 g/L∙h or 30% and 17% higher relative to free- and immobilized (without vacuum)-cell cultures. Notably, the product stream contained 45 g/L IBE. However, the fermentation was unsatisfactory in two cycles. Finally, by inserting a fibrous bed with hollow annuli in a vacuum fermentation, this work introduces the concept of an internal-loop boiling-driven fibrous-bed bioreactor.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Bioreactors; Butanols; Ethanol; Fermentation; Vacuum
PubMed: 34798259
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126313 -
Aesthetic Surgery Journal Sep 2021Hypochlorous acid (HA) has both anti-microbial and wound-healing properties with a growing role for utilization in pre-procedural care on the face.
BACKGROUND
Hypochlorous acid (HA) has both anti-microbial and wound-healing properties with a growing role for utilization in pre-procedural care on the face.
OBJECTIVES
The authors sought to compare the antiseptic property of 0.01% HA solution, 5% povidone iodine (PI), 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), and 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) antiseptic on facial skin.
METHODS
This was a prospective single-center clinical trial.
RESULTS
A total of 21 participants were recruited. Bacterial growth was seen in CHG (10%), IPA (71%), PI (81%), and HA (95%) of specimens (P < 0.001). CHG had less growth compared with HA (P = <0.001), IPA (P = <0.001), and PI (P = <0.001). No difference in bacterial growth was noted between HA and IPA (P = 0.063) or HA and PI (P = 0.25). Significant differences in mono-microbial and poly-microbial growth were seen between HA and IPA (P = 0.046) and HA and CHG (P = <0.001). Staphylococcus epidermidis grew less frequently in CHG (10%), followed by IPA (29%), PI (71%), and HA (71%). Staphylococcus capitis grew less frequently in CHG (0%), followed by PI (14%), HA (24%), and IPA (29%).
CONCLUSIONS
CHG reduced the bacterial growth compared with HA, PI, and IPA. However, HA, PI, and IPA had insignificant differences in bactericidal effects. Our study provides a supporting role of HA to be considered as an antiseptic.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Hypochlorous Acid; Povidone-Iodine; Prospective Studies; Skin
PubMed: 33247899
DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjaa322 -
The Science of the Total Environment Nov 2022Blends of biodiesel and high-carbon alcohols have the potential to increase the rate of biofuel use in diesel engines, while reducing harmful and toxic compounds such as...
Blends of biodiesel and high-carbon alcohols have the potential to increase the rate of biofuel use in diesel engines, while reducing harmful and toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Since biodiesel and alcohols do not contain aromatic ingredients in their chemical structures, this study examined biodiesel blends with propanol, n-butanol, and 1-pentanol (5 %, 20 % and 35 % by vol.) and the effects of these aromatic-free fuels on regulated emissions, PAH formation and toxicity as compared to straight diesel fuel in a diesel engine operating at a constant speed and varying engine loads. PAH samples were meticulously processed and extensively analyzed using rigorous analytical chemistry methodology (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)). Biodiesel and biodiesel-alcohol blends significantly reduced NO emissions and the level of formation of PAHs and toxicity levels when compared to diesel fuel. Overall, adding 5 % alcohol to biodiesel decreased total PAH emissions. However, with the exception of 20 % propanol, adding 20 % and 35 % alcohol to biodiesel increased total PAH emissions as compared to neat biodiesel. In contrast, all blended fuels resulted in a decrease in the toxicity of PAH compounds (up to 70 %) and the percentage of higher-ring PAHs. Among higher alcohols, propanol blends stood out as reducing PAH formation as compared to n-butanol and pentanol blends. Overall, biodiesel-alcohol blends that emit less carcinogenic pollutants and primarily low-rings PAHs were found to be advantageous for reducing the likelihood of wetstacking in diesel engines under low load or cold operating conditions.
Topics: 1-Butanol; 1-Propanol; Air Pollutants; Biofuels; Butanols; Carbon; Environmental Pollutants; Ethanol; Gasoline; Pentanols; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Vehicle Emissions
PubMed: 35932853
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157839 -
Foot & Ankle International Aug 2020Surgical site infection (SSI) following orthopedic foot and ankle surgery is associated with morbidity, mortality, and cost to the healthcare system. The local anatomy... (Review)
Review
Surgical site infection (SSI) following orthopedic foot and ankle surgery is associated with morbidity, mortality, and cost to the healthcare system. The local anatomy and physiology predispose patients undergoing procedures to elevated risk. In particular, sterilizing of the webspaces, nailfolds, and subungual areas presents challenges, and the preferred skin antisepsis technique for foot and ankle procedures has not yet been defined. Skin antiseptic solutions (SASs) consist of 3 main categories: alcohol, chlorhexidine, and iodine-based solutions. This review of the literature supports a combined chlorhexidine and alcohol preparation technique; however, there are a number of studies that suggest otherwise. In addition, there is variable evidence for the use of alternatives to the standard soft sponge application technique, including immersion, bristled brush, and cotton gauze application. These alternatives may have a particular advantage in the forefoot. Most studies to date use growth from skin swab cultures after skin preparation as the primary outcome. Higher-level studies with large subject populations and more meaningful clinical outcomes will be required to solidify guidelines for preoperative skin antisepsis prior to foot and ankle procedures. Level V, expert opinion.
Topics: 1-Propanol; 2-Propanol; Ankle; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Ethanol; Foot; Humans; Orthopedic Procedures; Preoperative Care; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 32517493
DOI: 10.1177/1071100720925480 -
Forensic Science International Aug 2021In cases of drunk-driving, allegations that alcohol has been consumed after the incident, are proved by analyzing congener alcohols in the blood sample. 1-Propanol, one...
INTRODUCTION
In cases of drunk-driving, allegations that alcohol has been consumed after the incident, are proved by analyzing congener alcohols in the blood sample. 1-Propanol, one of the main congener compounds, was tested, whether it is also endogenously formed when a person has consumed alcoholic beverages.
METHODS
Eleven male and 13 female volunteers consumed congener-free vodka (37.5 vol% ethanol, individual doses: 0.15-0.32 l) within one hour. Blood samples were taken up to 10 h and analyzed for ethanol and congener alcohols by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
Ethanol concentrations reached in blood a maximum of 0.65-1.23 g/l and decreased by 0.18 g/l/h (median values). Of the congener alcohols analyzed, only methanol and 1-propanol were detected in the plasma samples of all subjects. The endogenous methanol concentration increased from 0.66 mg/l by 0.22 mg/l/h to 2.19 mg/l (medians). 1-Propanol was not detected prior to alcohol consumption. Maximum concentrations of 0.10-0.32 mg/L were measured after 1.0-4.5 h. A plateau of the 1-propanol concentration was observed in the plasma samples of the 18 subjects lasting for 0.5-4.0 h and this alcohol was completely eliminated at ethanol concentrations of 0.17 g/l (median, range 0.03-0.55 g/l).
CONCLUSION
The results of the study confirm the formation of 1-propanol after consumption of 1-propanol-free beverages, which should be taken into account when evaluating its concentration.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Beverages; Central Nervous System Depressants; Ethanol; Female; Forensic Toxicology; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Male; Methanol; Young Adult
PubMed: 34280599
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110905