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Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics :... May 2021Amino acids and peptides are essential components in the biochemical industry. The final products are employed in a wide range of applications and are often synthesized...
Amino acids and peptides are essential components in the biochemical industry. The final products are employed in a wide range of applications and are often synthesized by fermentation and purified in a complex downstream process. One possible separation step is using an additional solvent to lower the solubility of the desired product and, thus, promote the crystallization of the particular component. Therefore, it is crucial to have accurate knowledge of the solubility of these components. In this work, the solubilities of 20 proteinogenic amino acids and 21 peptides in aqueous 2-propanol solutions were gravimetrically determined. Additionally, the pH values of the saturated liquid phases were measured and the crystal structures of solid crystals were analysed using X-ray diffraction. The anti-solvent 2-propanol caused a decrease in the solubilities of the amino acids and peptides upon increasing its mass fraction. Exceptions were found for amino acids with aromatic substituents, l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine. The solubility of 15 amino acids and 18 peptides was successfully modelled using the equation of state PC-SAFT that used recently determined melting properties of the amino acids and peptides as input data.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Amino Acids; Crystallography, X-Ray; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Models, Molecular; Peptides; Solubility; Solutions; Water
PubMed: 33908485
DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00005e -
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters Jun 2020Novel nucleoside analogues named "triazoxins" were synthesized. Of these, two analogues were found to be highly effective against Giardia lamblia, an intestinal parasite...
Novel nucleoside analogues named "triazoxins" were synthesized. Of these, two analogues were found to be highly effective against Giardia lamblia, an intestinal parasite and a major cause of waterborne infection, worldwide. While compound 7 reduced the growth of trophozoites in culture (IC, ~5 μM), compound 21 blocked the in vitro cyst production (IC ~5 μM). Compound 21 was also effective against trophozoites (IC, ~36 μM). A third analogue (compound 8) was effective against both trophozoites (IC, ~36 μM) and cysts (IC, ~20 μM) although at higher concentration. Thus triazoxin analogues are unique and exhibit morphology (i.e., trohozoites or cysts) -specific effects against Giardia.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Catalysis; Drug Design; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Imidazoles; Molecular Structure; Nucleosides; Propanols; Structure-Activity Relationship; Trophozoites; Uridine
PubMed: 32327222
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127175 -
International Journal of Biological... Mar 2020The response of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) to propanol was examined by various techniques including UV-vis spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry and circular...
The response of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) to propanol was examined by various techniques including UV-vis spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry and circular dichroism, as well as molecular docking and molecular simulation. These techniques were used to investigate the structural changes and elastase activity in the presence of propanol. This work was performed at three temperatures of 303, 313 and 323 K, with the pH value of 8.5 (Tris buffer). The results of the UV-vis spectrophotometry indicated the transfer of tryptophan to an environment with low hydrophobicity. Fluorescence measurements also revealed the quenching of fluorescence intensity was induced by propanol, and dynamic quenching was the proposed quenching mechanism. Kinetic studies also suggested the inhibitory effect (noncompetitive) of propanol on elastase. Further, Circular Dichroism (CD) spectra showed that propanol caused slight alterations in the secondary structures of PPE (0.3% increase for the α-helix and 0.5% decrease for the β-sheet). Addition of propanol decreased the T (Melting Temperature) parameter from 332.8 K to 330.1 K.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Circular Dichroism; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Kinetics; Molecular Docking Simulation; Pancreatic Elastase; Protein Denaturation; Protein Structure, Secondary; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Swine; Temperature; Tryptophan
PubMed: 31846662
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.119 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B Jan 2023We present a dielectric and shear mechanical study of 1-propanol and three phenylpropanols. Contrary to other monoalcohols, the phenylpropanols do not show a bimodal...
We present a dielectric and shear mechanical study of 1-propanol and three phenylpropanols. Contrary to other monoalcohols, the phenylpropanols do not show a bimodal behavior in their dielectric response, but instead show a single, rather narrow process. Combined dielectric and light scattering spectra (Böhmer, T.; et al. 2019, 123, 10959) have shown that this single peak may be separated into a self- and a cross-correlation part, thus indicating that phenylpropanols do display features originating from hydrogen-bonded structures. The shear mechanical spectra support that interpretation, demonstrating a subtle, yet clear, low-frequency polymer-like mode, similar to what is found in other monoalcohols. An analysis of the characteristic time scales found in the spectra shows that shear alpha relaxation is faster than the dielectric alpha and that time scale separation of the dielectric Debye and alpha processes is temperature and nearly identical in all the phenylpropanols.
Topics: 1-Propanol; Temperature; Hydrogen
PubMed: 36563319
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07120 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Mar 2024Dandruff, or pityriasis capitis simplex, is a common scalp condition associated with excessive flaking and scaling of the epidermal tissue. Other features include...
Dandruff, or pityriasis capitis simplex, is a common scalp condition associated with excessive flaking and scaling of the epidermal tissue. Other features include irregular corneocyte turnover, irritation, itching and an impaired skin barrier function. Previously we reported the characterization of climbazole (CBZ), an antifungal agent used in the management of dandruff. Skin permeation of CBZ from neat solvents was also investigated. In the present work we evaluated CBZ permeation in human skin in vitro from more complex formulations that better represent products used by consumers. The various systems studied were composed of propylene glycol (PG), Transcutol®P (TC), octyl salicylate (OSal) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA). As well as measurement of skin uptake and penetration of CBZ, where possible, the skin retention and permeation of the various solvents was also determined. All vehicles promoted skin permeation of CBZ but no significant differences in amount permeated were evident between the binary vehicles (PG:TC, TC:OSal) and the ternary vehicle studied (PG:IPA:OSal). The binary vehicles generally promoted more skin uptake of CBZ compared with the neat solvents (PG, TC, OSal) studied previously. Permeation and skin extraction of CBZ from the PG:TC vehicles increased with increasing PG content; a similar trend was evident for the PG:IPA:OSal systems. New methods were developed and validated for measurement of PG, TC and OSal. Analysis of the individual solvents indicated that PG permeation was also independent of the amounts of other solvents in the binary or ternary systems. Consistent with previous findings higher proportions of TC permeated compared with PG for the PG:TC binary systems; TC also permeated the skin more rapidly than PG from these vehicles. For OSal, skin extraction was generally higher for TC:OSal compared with the PG:IPA:OSal vehicle. However, increasing the content of OSal did not appear to influence CBZ skin uptake nor permeation. Interestingly, the effects of the various PG:TC vehicles on CBZ skin delivery contrast with results we previous reported for the same systems for a different active. This confirms that with reference to skin permeation, formulation effects and/or skin penetration enhancement should be expected to vary and may not be predicted for specific vehicles.
Topics: Humans; Administration, Cutaneous; Dandruff; Skin; Solvents; Propylene Glycol; 2-Propanol; Permeability; Imidazoles
PubMed: 38331330
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123886 -
Nature Communications Nov 2022Plasmonic hot carriers have the advantage of focusing, amplifying, and manipulating optical signals via electron oscillations which offers a feasible pathway to...
Plasmonic hot carriers have the advantage of focusing, amplifying, and manipulating optical signals via electron oscillations which offers a feasible pathway to influence catalytic reactions. However, the contribution of nonmetallic hot carriers and thermal effects on the overall reactions are still unclear, and developing methods to enhance the efficiency of the catalysis is critical. Herein, we proposed a new strategy for flexibly modulating the hot electrons using a nonmetallic plasmonic heterostructure (named WO-nanowires/reduced-graphene-oxides) for isopropanol dehydration where the reaction rate was 180-fold greater than the corresponding thermocatalytic pathway. The key detail to this strategy lies in the synergetic utilization of ultraviolet light and visible-near-infrared light to enhance the hot electron generation and promote electron transfer for C-O bond cleavage during isopropanol dehydration reaction. This, in turn, results in a reduced reaction activation barrier down to 0.37 eV (compared to 1.0 eV of thermocatalysis) and a significantly improved conversion efficiency of 100% propylene from isopropanol. This work provides an additional strategy to modulate hot carrier of plasmonic semiconductors and helps guide the design of better catalytic materials and chemistries.
Topics: Humans; 2-Propanol; Dehydration; Light; Catalysis; Semiconductors
PubMed: 36379947
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34738-z -
Science & Justice : Journal of the... Mar 2022Cyanide is a powerful and rapidly acting poison. In Japan, cyanide poisoning is rare, and regular cyanide testing can be costly and time consuming. In contrast, alcohol...
Cyanide is a powerful and rapidly acting poison. In Japan, cyanide poisoning is rare, and regular cyanide testing can be costly and time consuming. In contrast, alcohol analysis is routinely performed in most forensic laboratories. In this study, we attempted to develop a method for the simultaneous quantification of cyanide and alcohols in blood using headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC). As nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD) is more sensitive to hydrogen cyanide than mass spectrometry (MS), a Deans switch was used to switch the detectors during a single run. The separation provided by three analytical columns, PoraBOND Q, CP-Sil 5 CB, and HP-INNOWax, was investigated, and PoraBOND Q was selected. The use of HS-GC-MS/NPD with a Deans switch enabled the simple and simultaneous quantification of cyanide, ethanol, and 1-propanol. Eighteen other volatile compounds were detected in the SIM/scan mode of the MS.
Topics: Humans; 1-Propanol; Cyanides; Ethanol; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Nitrogen; Phosphorus
PubMed: 35277233
DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2022.02.001 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jan 2021This study examined the effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), an investigational substance, on enteric methane emission, milk production, and composition in Holstein...
This study examined the effect of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), an investigational substance, on enteric methane emission, milk production, and composition in Holstein dairy cows. Following a 3-wk covariate period, 48 multi- and primiparous cows averaging (± standard deviation) 118 ± 28 d in milk, 43.4 ± 8 kg/d milk yield, and 594 ± 57 kg of body weight were blocked based on days in milk, milk yield, and enteric methane emission and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: (1) control, no 3-NOP, and (2) 3-NOP applied at 60 mg/kg feed dry matter. Inclusion of 3-NOP was through the total mixed ration and fed for 15 consecutive weeks. Cows were housed in a freestall barn equipped with a Calan Broadbent Feeding System (American Calan Inc., Northwood, NH) for monitoring individual dry matter intake and fed ad libitum once daily. Enteric gaseous emissions (methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen) were measured using 3 GreenFeed (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) units. Dry matter intake, cow body weight, and body weight change were not affected by 3-NOP. Compared with the control group, 3-NOP applied at 60 mg/kg feed dry matter decreased daily methane emission, emission yield, and emission intensity by 26, 27, and 29%, respectively. Enteric emission of carbon dioxide was not affected, and hydrogen emission was increased 6-fold by 3-NOP. Administration of 3-NOP had no effect on milk and energy-corrected milk yields and feed efficiency, increased milk fat and milk urea nitrogen concentrations, and increased milk fat yield but had no other effects on milk components. Concentration of C6:0 and C8:0 and the sum of saturated fatty acids in milk fat were increased by 3-NOP. Total trans fatty acids and the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids were decreased by 3-NOP. In this experiment, 3-NOP decreased enteric methane daily emission, yield, and intensity without affecting dry matter intake and milk yield, but increased milk fat in high-producing dairy cows.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Diet; Fatty Acids; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Lactation; Lipids; Methane; Milk; Nitrogen; Propanols
PubMed: 33131815
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18908 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2021The -methoxycinnamic acid (-MCA) is one of the most studied phenylpropanoids with high importance not only in the wide spectrum of therapeutic activities but also its... (Review)
Review
The -methoxycinnamic acid (-MCA) is one of the most studied phenylpropanoids with high importance not only in the wide spectrum of therapeutic activities but also its potential application for the food industry. This natural compound derived from plants exhibits a wide range of biologically useful properties; therefore, during the last two decades it has been extensively tested for therapeutic and nutraceutical applications. This article presents the natural sources of -MCA, its metabolism, pharmacokinetic properties, and safety of its application. The possibilities of using this dietary bioactive compound as a nutraceutical agent that may be used as functional food ingredient playing a vital role in the prevention and treatment of many chronic diseases is also discussed. We present the antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, hepato-, and neuroprotective activities of -MCA and methods of its lipophilization that have been developed so far to increase its industrial application and bioavailability in the biological systems.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Cinnamates; Dietary Supplements; Hypoglycemic Agents; Liver; Neuroprotective Agents; Polyphenols; Propanols
PubMed: 34201697
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133827 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Jul 2020The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. Cinnamyl alcohol was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose... (Review)
Review
The existing information supports the use of this material as described in this safety assessment. Cinnamyl alcohol was evaluated for genotoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity, local respiratory toxicity, phototoxicity, skin sensitization, and environmental safety. Data show that cinnamyl alcohol is not genotoxic. Data on read-across analog cinnamaldehyde (CAS # 104-55-2) provide a calculated margin of exposure (MOE) >100 for the repeated dose and local respiratory toxicity endpoints. The developmental and reproductive toxicity endpoint was evaluated using the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for a Cramer Class I material, and the exposure to cinnamyl alcohol is below the TTC (0.03 mg/kg/day). Data provided a No Expected Sensitization Induction Level (NESIL) of 2900 μg/cm for the skin sensitization endpoint. The phototoxicity/photoallergenicity endpoints were evaluated based on UV spectra; cinnamyl alcohol is not expected to be phototoxic/photoallergenic. The environmental endpoints were evaluated; cinnamyl alcohol was found not to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) as per the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Environmental Standards, and its risk quotients, based on its current volume of use in Europe and North America (i.e., Predicted Environmental Concentration/Predicted No Effect Concentration [PEC/PNEC]), are <1.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mutagenicity Tests; Odorants; Perfume; Propanols; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 32339751
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111337