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Food Science and Biotechnology Mar 2022Bacteria from the genus were cocktailed to investigate growth and production of propionic acid at different temperatures and pH levels. A gas chromatograph with a flame...
Bacteria from the genus were cocktailed to investigate growth and production of propionic acid at different temperatures and pH levels. A gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector was also used for instrumental analysis. The cocktails did not produce propionic acid at 10 and 20 °C for 10 days, but produced propionic acid at concentrations of 3265.32, 3670.76, and 1926.04 μg/mL at 25, 30, and 40 °C for 18 days, respectively. In pH tests, the cocktails did not produce propionic acid at pH 3 and 9 for 14 and 7 days, respectively. However, they produced propionic acid at concentrations of 2596.66, 2952.66, 3321.35, and 3586.95 μg/mL at pH 4, 5, 6, and 7 for 18 days, respectively. Growth characteristics of cocktails by temperature and pH were set so that they reached the extinction stage after four days in the logarithmic phase.
PubMed: 35273826
DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01038-7 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Nov 2022Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland attached to the hair follicles. is a major cause of inflammation caused by acne. It is well known that...
Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland attached to the hair follicles. is a major cause of inflammation caused by acne. It is well known that secretes a lipolytic enzyme to break down lipids in sebum, and free fatty acids produced at this time accelerate the inflammatory reaction. There are several drugs used to treat acne; however, each one has various side effects. According to previous studies, sulforaphene (SFEN) has several functions associated with lipid metabolism, brain function, and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we examined the effects of SFEN on bacterial growth and inflammatory cytokine production induced by . The results revealed that SFEN reduced the growth of and inhibited proinflammatory cytokines in -treated HaCaT keratinocytes through inhibiting NF-κB-related pathways. In addition, SFEN regulated the expression level of IL-1α, a representative pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in co-cultured HaCaT keratinocytes and THP-1 monocytes induced by . In conclusion, SFEN showed antibacterial activity against and controlled the inflammatory response on keratinocytes and monocytes. This finding means that SFEN has potential as both a cosmetic material for acne prevention and a pharmaceutical material for acne treatment.
Topics: Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Inflammation; Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36437519
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2209.09051 -
MSphere Jan 2020Porphyrins are intermediate metabolites in the biosynthesis of vital molecules, including heme, cobalamin, and chlorophyll. Bacterial porphyrins are known to be... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Porphyrins are intermediate metabolites in the biosynthesis of vital molecules, including heme, cobalamin, and chlorophyll. Bacterial porphyrins are known to be proinflammatory, with high levels linked to inflammatory skin diseases. species are dominant skin commensals and play essential roles in defending against pathogens and in triggering an inflammatory response. To better understand how the inflammatory potential of the skin microbiome may vary depending on its propionibacterial composition, we compared the production levels of porphyrins among , , , and strains. We found that porphyrin production varied among these species, with type I strains producing significantly larger amounts of porphyrins than type II and III strains and other species. strains that are highly associated with the common skin condition acne vulgaris responded to vitamin B supplementation with significantly higher porphyrin production. In contrast, vitamin B supplementation had no effect on the porphyrin production of health-associated strains and other propionibacteria. We observed low-level porphyrin production in most strains harboring the repressor gene, with the exception of strains belonging to type I clades IB-3 and IC. Our findings shed light on the proinflammatory potential of distinct phylogenetic lineages of as well as other resident skin propionibacteria. We demonstrate that the overall species and strain composition is important in determining the metabolic output of the skin microbiome in health and disease. Porphyrins are a group of metabolites essential to the biosynthesis of heme, cobalamin, and chlorophyll in living organisms. Bacterial porphyrins can be proinflammatory, with high levels linked to human inflammatory diseases, including the common skin condition acne vulgaris. Propionibacteria are among the most abundant skin bacteria. Variations in propionibacteria composition on the skin may lead to different porphyrin levels and inflammatory potentials. This study characterized porphyrin production in all lineages of , the most dominant skin , and other resident skin propionibacteria, including , , and We revealed that type I strains produced significantly more porphyrins than did type II and III strains and other species. The findings from this study shed light on the proinflammatory potential of the skin microbiome and can be used to guide the development of effective acne treatments by modulating the skin microbiome and its metabolic activities.
Topics: Humans; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Porphyrins; Propionibacteriaceae; Propionibacterium; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin
PubMed: 31941813
DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00793-19 -
The British Journal of Dermatology Oct 2019The role of skin microbiota in acne remains to be fully elucidated. Initial culture-based investigations were hampered by growth rate and selective media bias. Even with... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The role of skin microbiota in acne remains to be fully elucidated. Initial culture-based investigations were hampered by growth rate and selective media bias. Even with less biased genomic methods, sampling, lysis and methodology, the task of describing acne pathophysiology remains challenging. Acne occurs in sites dominated by Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) and Malassezia species, both of which can function either as commensal or pathogen.
OBJECTIVES
This article aims to review the current state of the art of the microbiome and acne.
METHODS
The literature regarding the microbiome and acne was reviewed.
RESULTS
It remains unclear whether there is a quantitative difference in microbial community distribution, making it challenging to understand any community shift from commensal to pathogenic nature. It is plausible that acne involves (i) change in the distribution of species/strains, (ii) stable distribution with pathogenic alteration in response to internal (intermicrobe) or external stimuli (host physiology or environmental) or (iii) a combination of these factors.
CONCLUSIONS
Understanding physiological changes in bacterial species and strains will be required to define their specific roles, and identify any potential intervention points, in acne pathogenesis and treatment. It will also be necessary to determine whether any fungal species are involved, and establish whether they play a significant role. Further investigation using robust, modern analytic tools in longitudinal studies with a large number of participants, may make it possible to determine whether the microbiota plays a causal role, is primarily involved in exacerbation, or is merely a bystander. It is likely that the final outcome will show that acne is the result of complex microbe-microbe and community-host interplay.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Humans; Malassezia; Microbiota; Propionibacterium acnes; Skin; Symbiosis
PubMed: 31342510
DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18230 -
The Journal of the American Academy of... Nov 2019The use of shoulder arthroplasty is continuing to expand. Periprosthetic joint infection of the shoulder is a devastating complication occurring in approximately 1% of... (Review)
Review
The use of shoulder arthroplasty is continuing to expand. Periprosthetic joint infection of the shoulder is a devastating complication occurring in approximately 1% of cases. The most common organisms responsible for the infection are Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) (∼39%) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (∼29%). Evaluation of patients includes history and physical examination, serologic testing, imaging, possible joint aspiration, and tissue culture. Diagnosing infections caused by lower virulence organisms (eg, C acnes) poses a challenge to the surgeon because traditional diagnostic tests (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and joint aspiration) have a low sensitivity due to the lack of an inflammatory response. Periprosthetic joint infections of the shoulder due to Staphylococcus aureus and other highly virulent organisms are often easy to diagnose and are usually treated with two-stage revisions. However, for infections with C acnes and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, single- and two-stage revision surgeries have shown similar ability to clear the infection. Unexpected positive cultures for C acnes during revision surgery are not uncommon; the proper management is still under investigation and remains a challenge.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Shoulder; Combined Modality Therapy; Debridement; Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Reoperation; Salvage Therapy; Shoulder Joint; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 31008878
DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-18-00232 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Dec 2023Dental caries is a result of the ecological dysfunction of the polymicrobial community on the tooth surface, which evolves through microbial interactions. In this study,...
OBJECTIVES
Dental caries is a result of the ecological dysfunction of the polymicrobial community on the tooth surface, which evolves through microbial interactions. In this study, we conducted a thorough analysis of the dental plaque microbiome to comprehend its multi-microbial aetiology.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
In this study, plaque was collected from healthy tooth surfaces, shallow carious teeth and deep carious teeth, and bacterial composition and abundance were assessed using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Random forest and LEfSe were used to profile various microorganisms at each stage. Additionally, we developed a molecular ecological network (MEN) based on random matrix theory (RMT) to examine microbial interactions for the first time.
RESULTS
Our results reveal that Scardovia wiggsiae, Streptococcus mutans, and Propionibacterium acidifaciens may be associated with initial caries, and Propionibacterium acidifaciens differentiates between shallow and deep caries. As caries progressed, the alpha diversity index declined, indicating a decrease in microbial variety. The network topological indices such as centralization betweenness revealed that the caries network had become more complex, involving more microbial interactions. The shallow network revealed a high negative correlation ratio across nodes, indicating that microbes competed heavily. In contrast, the positive correlation ratio of deep network nodes was high, and microorganisms transitioned from a competitive to a synergistic state.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that microbial diversity and interactions are critical to caries progression and that future caries research should give greater consideration to the role of microbial interaction factors in caries progression.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Dental Plaque; Streptococcus mutans; Microbiota
PubMed: 37858633
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106390 -
Nature Communications Dec 2023Acne is a dermatologic disease with a strong pathologic association with human commensal Cutibacterium acnes. Conspicuously, certain C. acnes phylotypes are associated...
Acne is a dermatologic disease with a strong pathologic association with human commensal Cutibacterium acnes. Conspicuously, certain C. acnes phylotypes are associated with acne, whereas others are associated with healthy skin. Here we investigate if the evolution of a C. acnes enzyme contributes to health or acne. Two hyaluronidase variants exclusively expressed by C. acnes strains, HylA and HylB, demonstrate remarkable clinical correlation with acne or health. We show that HylA is strongly pro-inflammatory, and HylB is modestly anti-inflammatory in a murine (female) acne model. Structural and phylogenic studies suggest that the enzymes evolved from a common hyaluronidase that acquired distinct enzymatic activity. Health-associated HylB degrades hyaluronic acid (HA) exclusively to HA disaccharides leading to reduced inflammation, whereas HylA generates large-sized HA fragments that drive robust TLR2-dependent pathology. Replacing an amino acid, Serine to Glycine near the HylA catalytic site enhances the enzymatic activity of HylA and produces an HA degradation pattern intermediate to HylA and HylB. Selective targeting of HylA using peptide vaccine or inhibitors alleviates acne pathology. We suggest that the functional divergence of HylA and HylB is a major driving force behind C. acnes health- and acne- phenotype and propose targeting of HylA as an approach for acne therapy.
Topics: Humans; Female; Animals; Mice; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Skin; Acne Vulgaris; Propionibacterium acnes; Amino Acids
PubMed: 38052825
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43833-8 -
Eye & Contact Lens May 2023Infectious keratitis is a devastating cause of vision loss worldwide. Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes ), a commensal bacterium of the skin and ocular surface, is an... (Review)
Review
Infectious keratitis is a devastating cause of vision loss worldwide. Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes ), a commensal bacterium of the skin and ocular surface, is an underrecognized but important cause of bacterial keratitis. This review presents the most comprehensive and up-to-date information for clinicians regarding the risk factors, incidence, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of C. acnes keratitis (CAK). Risk factors are similar to those of general bacterial keratitis and include contact lens use, past ocular surgery, and trauma. The incidence of CAK may be approximately 10%, ranging from 5% to 25% in growth-positive cultures. Accurate diagnosis requires anaerobic blood agar and a long incubation period (≥7 days). Typical clinical presentation includes small (<2 mm) ulcerations with deep stromal infiltrate causing an anterior chamber cell reaction. Small, peripheral lesions are usually resolved, and patients recover a high visual acuity. Severe infections causing VA of 20/200 or worse are common and often do not significantly improve even after treatment. Vancomycin is considered the most potent antibiotic against CAK, although other antibiotics such as moxifloxacin and ceftazidime are more commonly used as first-line treatment.
Topics: Humans; Propionibacterium acnes; Keratitis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Ceftazidime; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
PubMed: 36888541
DOI: 10.1097/ICL.0000000000000975 -
Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Jul 2021Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) pathologies such as instability are rare; therefore, SCJ surgery is performed infrequently. Complications of these surgeries can be...
BACKGROUND
Sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) pathologies such as instability are rare; therefore, SCJ surgery is performed infrequently. Complications of these surgeries can be devastating. This study evaluated complications, and particularly infections, after SCJ surgery.
METHODS
A retrospective cohort of 68 patients who underwent SCJ surgery with a minimum follow-up of 1 year was reviewed. Patients' characteristics, intraoperative, and postoperative complications were retrieved. In case of a reoperation, relevant data from the reoperation and microbiological findings were collected.
RESULTS
Twenty-two men and 46 women with a mean age of 37.5 years (range, 13-70 years) were analyzed. A complication occurred in 26 of 68 patients (38.2%). In 16 patients (23.5%), this was an infection. Cutibacterium acnes was the pathogen in 14 of these infections. Infection occurred more often in men than in women (P = .02). A total of 26 reoperations were performed in our cohort: 14 due to clinical signs of infection, 9 due to instability, 1 due to complaints of SCJ osteoarthritis, and 2 due to other causes.
CONCLUSION
Complications after SCJ surgery occur more often than previously described. C. acnes infections are often seen. When left untreated, these complications can lead to persistent complaints or recurrent instability due to failure of reconstruction. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to identify infections at an early stage, or better, to prevent them. The use of benzoyl peroxide gel preoperatively seems effective in reducing early C. acnes infections in this type of surgery.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis; Propionibacterium acnes; Reoperation; Retrospective Studies; Sternoclavicular Joint; Young Adult
PubMed: 33038497
DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2020.09.015 -
Experimental Dermatology Sep 2020Current experimental research on acne pathophysiology has revealed a more complicated background than the classically reported four-factor aetiology. Cells of the... (Review)
Review
Current experimental research on acne pathophysiology has revealed a more complicated background than the classically reported four-factor aetiology. Cells of the pilosebaceous unit, which represent the template for the development of acne lesions, seem to be parallelly affected by endocrinological/metabolic factors as well as inflammatory/immunological ones that cooperate in sebocyte differentiation and lipogenesis. Indeed, the unique programme of sebocyte terminal differentiation and death, the so called holocrine secretion, is influenced by inflammatory and metabolic (lipid) signalling with common denominator the selective regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Autophagy provides substrates for energy generation and biosynthesis of new cell structure proteins contributing to the normally increased sebaceous gland metabolic functions, which are also regulated by extracellular calcium signalling, essential lipids and hormones. The ultimate differentiation product of human sebocytes, sebum, co-regulates the inflammatory sebocyte status. Sebum composition is controlled among others by Propionibacterium acnes and other bacteria, sexual hormones, neuropeptides, endogenous opioids and environmental agents, which may function as endocrine disruptors. Diet may also be an important source of substrates for the synthesis of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory sebaceous lipids. Sebum changes might induce inflammation and initiate underlying immune mechanisms leading to acne lesions. Current new therapeutic efforts on acne concentrate on anti-inflammatory/immunologically active concepts, which are able to regulate sebaceous lipogenesis. At last, current molecular studies based on published molecular data sets confirmed the major role of inflammation in acne development.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Calcium Signaling; Cell Differentiation; Hormones; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Lipogenesis; Propionibacterium acnes; Sebaceous Glands; Sebum
PubMed: 32779248
DOI: 10.1111/exd.14172