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Emergency Medicine Clinics of North... May 2022This article reviews the background, metabolism, clinical effects, and treatment of toxic alcohols, specifically ethylene glycol, methanol, diethylene glycol, propylene... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the background, metabolism, clinical effects, and treatment of toxic alcohols, specifically ethylene glycol, methanol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and isopropyl alcohol. This article also reviews the importance of an anion gap metabolic acidosis in relation to toxic alcohols and explores both the utility and the limitations of the osmol gap in patient management.
Topics: Acidosis; Alcoholic Intoxication; Alcohols; Ethylene Glycol; Humans; Methanol; Poisoning
PubMed: 35461626
DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2022.01.012 -
Critical Care Clinics Jul 2021This article reviews the background, metabolism, clinical effects, and treatment of toxic alcohols, specifically ethylene glycol, methanol, diethylene glycol, propylene... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the background, metabolism, clinical effects, and treatment of toxic alcohols, specifically ethylene glycol, methanol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and isopropyl alcohol. This article also reviews the importance of an anion gap metabolic acidosis in relation to toxic alcohols and explores both the utility and the limitations of the osmole gap in patient management.
Topics: Acidosis; Alcohols; Ethylene Glycol; Humans; Methanol
PubMed: 34053711
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2021.03.009 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2023This review covers the treatment options for pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants. Clinical assessment and detection of underlying metabolic and electrolyte derangements... (Review)
Review
This review covers the treatment options for pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants. Clinical assessment and detection of underlying metabolic and electrolyte derangements direct resuscitation efforts and provide prognostic indications. Treatment programs are dependent on producer goals and case specifics. Options include oral glucogenic precursors (eg, propylene glycol, glycerol), intravenous glucose solutions, insulin, and other supportive care measures. Induction of parturition or C-section is often carried out to minimize ongoing energy deficits, with variable survival rates. Prolonging gestation to maximize fetal viability often requires intensive care in a hospital setting and carries significant risk to both dam and offspring.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Animals; Pre-Eclampsia; Parturition; Insulin; Ruminants; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 37032296
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.02.003 -
EMBO Molecular Medicine Dec 2023Viruses are vulnerable as they transmit between hosts, and we aimed to exploit this critical window. We found that the ubiquitous, safe, inexpensive and biodegradable...
Viruses are vulnerable as they transmit between hosts, and we aimed to exploit this critical window. We found that the ubiquitous, safe, inexpensive and biodegradable small molecule propylene glycol (PG) has robust virucidal activity. Propylene glycol rapidly inactivates a broad range of viruses including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2 and rotavirus and reduces disease burden in mice when administered intranasally at concentrations commonly found in nasal sprays. Most critically, vaporised PG efficiently abolishes influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity within airborne droplets, potently preventing infection at levels well below those tolerated by mammals. We present PG vapour as a first-in-class non-toxic airborne virucide that can prevent transmission of existing and emergent viral pathogens, with clear and immediate implications for public health.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Humans; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets; Influenza, Human; Influenza A virus; COVID-19; Propylene Glycols; Mammals
PubMed: 37970627
DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317932 -
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Feb 2023Propylene glycol (PG) has widespread use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fragrances and personal care products. PG is not classified as hazardous under the Globally... (Review)
Review
Propylene glycol (PG) has widespread use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, fragrances and personal care products. PG is not classified as hazardous under the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) but poses an intriguing scientific and regulatory conundrum with respect to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), the uncertainty being whether and to what extent PG has the potential to induce skin sensitisation. In this article we review the results of predictive tests for skin sensitisation with PG, and clinical evidence for ACD. Patch testing in humans points to PG having the potential to be a weak allergen under certain conditions, and an uncommon cause of ACD in subjects without underlying/pre-disposing skin conditions. In clear contrast PG is negative in predictive toxicology tests for skin sensitisation, including guinea pig and mouse models (e.g. local lymph node assay), validated in vitro test methods that measure various key events in the pathway leading to skin sensitisation, and predictive methods in humans (Human Repeat Insult Patch and Human Maximisation Tests). We here explore the possible scientific basis for this intriguing inconsistency, recognising there are arguably no known contact allergens that are universally negative in, in vitro, animal and human predictive tests methods.
Topics: Mice; Humans; Animals; Guinea Pigs; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Skin; Allergens; Skin Tests; Patch Tests; Propylene Glycol; Cosmetics
PubMed: 36702195
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105341 -
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Sep 2023Because particle-stabilised foams are extremely stable and have a yield stress, a particle-stabilised aqueous foam and a particle-stabilised oil foam can be mixed...
HYPOTHESIS
Because particle-stabilised foams are extremely stable and have a yield stress, a particle-stabilised aqueous foam and a particle-stabilised oil foam can be mixed together to give a stable composite foam which brings together two immiscible liquids.
EXPERIMENTS
We have developed a mixed foam system comprised of an olive oil foam with bubbles stabilised using partially fluorinated particles and an aqueous foam with bubbles stabilised using hydrophobic silica particles. The aqueous phase is a mixture of water and propylene glycol. We have studied this system using bulk observations, confocal microscopy and rheology as we vary the proportions of the two foams, the silica particles and the propylene glycol, and the sample age.
FINDINGS
The composite foam resembles an emulsion of one foam within another and is stable for a week or more. The structure and flow properties depend on the proportions of the two phases and the quantities of both silica particles and propylene glycol. Inversion between water-in-oil and oil-in-water is observed, where both phases are foams, driven both by silica wettability and by adding increasing quantities of the dispersed foam. Composites formed at the inversion point are the least stable, showing significant phase separation in less than one week.
PubMed: 37224681
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.05.068 -
Journal of Molecular Graphics &... Nov 2022The multiple thermal decomposition mechanisms of 1,2-propylene glycol are studied through theoretical calculation and experiment, including carbon chain break,...
The multiple thermal decomposition mechanisms of 1,2-propylene glycol are studied through theoretical calculation and experiment, including carbon chain break, dehydrogenation and dehydration mechanism. The wavefunction is employed to analyze the decomposition process from a micro perspective. DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS method is engaged in establishing potential energy surface. The results reveal that the dehydration and carbon chain break mechanism are the primary pyrolysis paths, and the former is the dominant pyrolysis mechanism at low temperature, while the latter is applicable at the high temperature. The pyrolysis products are mainly acetaldehyde, propanal and acetone, which is consistent with experimental results. Besides, the comparison results of 1,2-propylene glycol and glycerol pyrolysis products indicate that the increment of hydroxyls are conducive to the generation of carbonyl compounds during the polyol thermal decomposition. This work is aimed to comprehensively investigate the pyrolysis mechanism of 1,2-propylene glycol and provide the valuable thermodynamics and kinetic data for developing efficient polyol pyrolysis technology. Furthermore, it provides a reference for choosing low-toxic tobacco humectant.
Topics: Carbon; Dehydration; Density Functional Theory; Humans; Propylene Glycols; Pyrolysis
PubMed: 35930820
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108277 -
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,... 2024Propylene glycol (PG) and butylene glycol (BG) are not known to be cross-reactors. However, no large-scale studies have assessed the cross-reactivity rate (CRR) between...
Propylene glycol (PG) and butylene glycol (BG) are not known to be cross-reactors. However, no large-scale studies have assessed the cross-reactivity rate (CRR) between these 2 structurally and functionally similar compounds. The aim of this study was to determine whether PG and BG demonstrate cross-reactivity. This is a retrospective chart review of 893 patients who underwent patch testing for both PG and BG from 2020 to 2022. The frequencies of positive reactions and concomitant reaction rates were calculated. In our cohort, 53 (5.94%) patients reacted to PG and 13 patients (1.46%) reacted to BG. Of the patients who reacted to PG, 6 reacted to BG representing a CRR of 11.3%, whereas the CRR to PG in BG-allergic patients was 46.2%. For those allergic to BG, PG should be considered a cross-reactor. This relationship is somewhat unidirectional, as patients allergic to PG demonstrated a CRR to BG of only 11.3%, significantly lower than the 46.2% CRR to PG among BG-allergic patients.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Retrospective Studies; Propylene Glycol; Patch Tests; Butylene Glycols
PubMed: 37590467
DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0143 -
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,... 2020: Wine, beer, liquor, and spirits are widely consumed in many cultures across the globe, and for some individuals, ingestion, cutaneous contact, or other exposure can... (Review)
Review
: Wine, beer, liquor, and spirits are widely consumed in many cultures across the globe, and for some individuals, ingestion, cutaneous contact, or other exposure can lead to dermatologic findings. However, there currently exist no comprehensive reviews on alcohol-related dermatitis. Herein, we will provide an overview of alcohol-related dermatitis and contact urticaria, including the epidemiology and clinical manifestations, potential allergens found in alcoholic beverages, testing approaches, and strategies for allergen avoidance.
Topics: Alcoholic Beverages; Balsams; Beer; Chromium; Citrus; Cobalt; Dermatitis; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Food Preservatives; Gold; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Isothiocyanates; Nickel; Propylene Glycol; Sulfites; Urticaria; Wine
PubMed: 32217881
DOI: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000579