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Journal of Dairy Science Nov 2022The objective of this study was to assess the effects of treatment with propylene glycol (PG) and cyanocobalamin (B12) on health, milk production, and reproductive...
A randomized controlled trial examining the effects of treatment with propylene glycol and injectable cyanocobalamin on naturally occurring disease, milk production, and reproductive outcomes of dairy cows diagnosed with concurrent hyperketonemia and hypoglycemia.
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of treatment with propylene glycol (PG) and cyanocobalamin (B12) on health, milk production, and reproductive outcomes of cows diagnosed with hyperketonemia (HK), hypoglycemia (HG), or concurrent HKHG. Glucose and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentrations were assessed in whole blood using a handheld device in lactating dairy cows (n = 2,418) between 3 and 9 d postpartum. Cows categorized as HK (n = 232, BHBA ≥1.2 mmol/L), HG (n = 161, glucose ≤2.2 mmol/L), and concurrent HKHG (n = 204, BHBA ≥1.2 mmol/L, and glucose ≤2.2 mmol/L) were randomized to receive treatment or to remain untreated (control). Treatment consisted of a single dose of B12 (10 mg, intramuscularly) and 300 mL of PG orally for 5 d, starting on the day of cow-side testing. Milk production, health, and reproductive outcomes were analyzed according to groups. Statistical analysis was carried out using SAS version 9.4 (SAS/STAT, SAS Institute Inc.). Treatment in HG cows decreased clinical ketosis, increased milk production in the fifth week of lactation for multiparous cows, and tended to increase 305-d mature-equivalent milk yield (305ME) for primiparous cows compared with untreated cows with the same metabolic profile. For cows with HKHG, treatment increased 305ME in multiparous cows and tended to increase 305ME in primiparous cows. No differences were found for treatment among any of the metabolic groups regarding reproductive outcomes, nor were any treatment effects found among HK cows. Glycemic status may help identify metabolically challenged early postpartum dairy cows, which may have differential response to PG and B12 treatment.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Lactation; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Milk; Cattle Diseases; Ketosis; Propylene Glycol; Hypoglycemia; Postpartum Period; Glucose; Vitamin B 12
PubMed: 36114052
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21328 -
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Jun 2023The 'propylene glycol ethers' (PGEs) are a group of chemical solvents and functional fluids produced through the reaction of propylene oxide (PO) and a monoalcohol. PGEs... (Review)
Review
The 'propylene glycol ethers' (PGEs) are a group of chemical solvents and functional fluids produced through the reaction of propylene oxide (PO) and a monoalcohol. PGEs form different structural isomers, with possible permutations increasing with the number of PO units in the molecule. The dominant isomers have only secondary hydroxyl groups and are not able to be metabolized to the acid structures that are associated with reproductive toxicity. There have been published claims that glycol ethers are human endocrine disruptors. This review systematically evaluates all the available and relevant in vitro and in vivo data across the propylene glycol ether family of substances using an approach based around the EFSA/ECHA 2018 guidance for the identification of endocrine disruptors. The conclusion reached is that there is no evidence to show that PGEs target any endocrine organs or perturb endocrine pathways.
PubMed: 37394030
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105442 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2023Propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS) is a heparinoid polysaccharide drug used in clinic for >30 years in China. But its allergy events happened from time to...
Propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS) is a heparinoid polysaccharide drug used in clinic for >30 years in China. But its allergy events happened from time to time and should not be ignored. Here, ammonium salt in PSS (PSS-NH), PSS fractions with high Mw (PSS-H-Mw) and low mannuronic acid (M) to guluronic acid (G) ratio (PSS-L-M/G) were found to induce allergic response by the structure-activity and impurity-activity relationships in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed the reason and elucidated the mechanism accounted for allergic side effect of PSS in vivo. It was found that high IgE levels in PSS-NH and PSS-H-Mw groups upregulate the cascade expression of Lyn-Syk-Akt or Erk and second messenger Ca, which accelerated mast cells (MCs) degranulation to release histamine, LTB4, TPS, and finally induced lung tissue injury. PSS-L-M/G caused a mild allergic symptom because it only enhanced the expression of p-Lyn and histamine release. In brief, PSS-NH and PSS-H-Mw were main reasons to result in allergic response. Our results suggested that it is very necessary to control the range of Mw and the content of impurities (< 1 % ammonium salt) of PSS to guarantee its safety and effectiveness in clinical treatment.
Topics: Humans; Alginates; Polysaccharides; Hypersensitivity; Ammonium Compounds; Mast Cells
PubMed: 37119889
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124638 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Dec 2021Propylene glycol (PG; 1,2-propanediol) has been commonly used as a food additive and vehicle in pharmaceutical preparations. PG can form rectus (R-) enantiomers and...
Propylene glycol (PG; 1,2-propanediol) has been commonly used as a food additive and vehicle in pharmaceutical preparations. PG can form rectus (R-) enantiomers and sinister (S-) enantiomers. Herein, Kunming mice were used as the animal model to evaluate the acute and subacute oral toxicity of R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG (1:1 racemic mixture of R-PG and S-PG). The median lethal doses of R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG administered by oral gavage to mice were 22.81 g/kg, 26.62 g/kg and 24.92 g/kg, respectively. In the 28-day oral subacute toxicity study, the body weight, organ weights, serum biochemical, and renal histology were examined. There was no difference in subacute toxicity among R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG. The administration of 1 and 5 g/kg/day PG for 28 days caused nephrotoxicity. The kidney somatic index and levels of blood urea nitrogen exhibited a significant increase. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase significantly decreased after the treatment with PG. The levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 significantly increased in the kidney. The results show that the nephrotoxic effects of PG are induced by oxidative stress, and the activation of the inflammatory response is mediated by the NF-κB signaling pathway. Together, these findings provide information on R-PG, S-PG and RS-PG treatments for the risk assessment of toxicity and effects on human health.
Topics: Animals; Catalase; Kidney; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 34461418
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118050 -
American Journal of Physiology. Lung... Apr 2023Propylene glycol (PG) is a common delivery vehicle for nicotine and flavorings in e-cigarette (e-cig) liquids and is largely considered safe for ingestion. However,...
Propylene glycol (PG) is a common delivery vehicle for nicotine and flavorings in e-cigarette (e-cig) liquids and is largely considered safe for ingestion. However, little is known about its effects as an e-cig aerosol on the airway. Here, we investigated whether pure PG e-cig aerosols in realistic daily amounts impact parameters of mucociliary function and airway inflammation in a large animal model (sheep) in vivo and primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) in vitro. Five-day exposure of sheep to e-cig aerosols of 100% PG increased mucus concentrations (% mucus solids) of tracheal secretions. PG e-cig aerosols further increased the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in tracheal secretions. In vitro exposure of HBECs to e-cig aerosols of 100% PG decreased ciliary beating and increased mucus concentrations. PG e-cig aerosols further reduced the activity of large conductance, Ca-activated, and voltage-dependent K (BK) channels. We show here for the first time that PG can be metabolized to methylglyoxal (MGO) in airway epithelia. PG e-cig aerosols increased levels of MGO and MGO alone reduced BK activity. Patch-clamp experiments suggest that MGO can disrupt the interaction between the major pore-forming BK subunit human Slo1 (hSlo1) and the gamma regulatory subunit LRRC26. PG exposures also caused a significant increase in mRNA expression levels of and interleukin 1 beta (). Taken together, these data show that PG e-cig aerosols cause mucus hyperconcentration in sheep in vivo and HBECs in vitro, likely by disrupting the function of BK channels important for airway hydration.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Sheep; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels; Magnesium Oxide; Aerosols; Propylene Glycols
PubMed: 36809074
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00157.2022 -
Nanoscale May 2023This study investigates the potential of composite allotrope boron nitride nanobarbs (BNNBs) as nanoparticles for enhancing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids based...
This study investigates the potential of composite allotrope boron nitride nanobarbs (BNNBs) as nanoparticles for enhancing the thermal conductivity of nanofluids based on mixtures of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol with water. BNNBs are allotrope composites composed of boron nitride nanotube cores with walls decorated with attached hexagonal boron nitride crystals, creating a jagged morphology that facilitates the formation of a connected network and contributes to the enhancement of thermal conductivity in nanofluids. BNNBs exhibit high thermal conductivity due to efficient phonon transfer and they are electrical insulators owing to their wide bandgap. The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 0-10 wt%. The results showed that BNNBs enhanced thermal conductivity of carrier fluids up to 45%, and the enhancement was proportional to the concentration of BNNBs in the carrier fluid. The study also investigated the dispersion stability of BNNBs in different solvents using Hansen Solubility Parameters, revealing that propylene glycol mixtures demonstrated better long-term stability compared to ethylene glycol mixtures. The findings suggest that BNNBs have great potential for use as thermally conductive nanoparticles in nanofluids for various heat transfer applications. Future research should focus on enhancing the dispersion stability of BNNB nanofluids and exploring the influence of BNNB morphology on the thermal conductivity and other thermophysical properties of nanofluids.
PubMed: 37092907
DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06332h -
Cardiovascular Research Oct 2023Electronic cigarette use has grown exponentially in recent years, and while their popularity has increased, the long-term effects on the heart are yet to be fully... (Review)
Review
Electronic cigarette use has grown exponentially in recent years, and while their popularity has increased, the long-term effects on the heart are yet to be fully studied and understood. Originally designed as devices to assist with those trying to quit traditional combustible cigarette use, their popularity has attracted use by teens and adolescents who traditionally have not smoked combustible cigarettes. Acute effects on the heart have been shown to be similar to traditional combustible cigarettes, including increased heart rate and blood pressure. The main components of electronic cigarettes that contribute to these arrhythmic effects are found in the e-liquid that is aerosolized and inhaled, comprised of nicotine, flavourings, and a combination of vegetable glycerin (VG) and propylene glycol (PG). Nicotine can potentially induce both ventricular and atrial arrhythmogenesis, with both the atrial and ventricular effects resulting from the interactions of nicotine and the catecholamines they release via potassium channels. Atrial arrhythmogenesis, more specifically atrial fibrillation, can also occur due to structural alterations, which happens because of nicotine downregulating microRNAs 133 and 590, both post-transcriptional growth factor repressors. Liquid flavourings and the combination of PG and VG can possibly lead to arrhythmic events by exposing users to acrolein, an aldehyde that stimulates TRPA1 that in turn causes a change towards sympathetic activation and autonomic imbalance. The design of these electronic delivery devices is constantly changing; therefore, it has proven extremely difficult to study the long-term effects on the heart caused by electronic cigarettes but will be important to understand given their rising popularity. The arrhythmic effects of electronic cigarettes appear similar to traditional cigarettes as well; however, a comprehensive review has not been compiled and is the focus of this article.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Nicotine; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Atrial Fibrillation; Propylene Glycol; Glycerol
PubMed: 37517059
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad113 -
Journal of Cannabis Research Jun 2023Substance administration to laboratory animals necessitates careful consideration and planning in order to enhance agent distribution while reducing any harmful effects...
Propylene glycol and Kolliphor as solvents for systemic delivery of cannabinoids via intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes in preclinical studies: a comparative technical note.
BACKGROUND
Substance administration to laboratory animals necessitates careful consideration and planning in order to enhance agent distribution while reducing any harmful effects from the technique. There are numerous methods for administering cannabinoids; however, several parameters must be considered, including delivery frequency, volume of administration, vehicle, and the level of competence required for staff to use these routes properly. There is a scarcity of information about the appropriate delivery method for cannabinoids in animal research, particularly those that need the least amount of animal manipulation during the course of the investigation. This study aims to assess the feasibility and potential side effects of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injection of CBD and THC using propylene glycol or Kolliphor in animal models. By evaluating the ease of use and histopathological side effects of these solvents, this study intends to help researchers better understand an accessible long-term delivery route of administration in animal experiments while minimizing the potential confounding effects of the delivery method on the animal.
METHODS
Intraperitoneal and subcutaneous methods of systemic cannabis administration were tested in rat models. Subcutaneous delivery via needle injection and continuous osmotic pump release were evaluated using propylene glycol or Kolliphor solvents. In addition, the use of a needle injection and a propylene glycol solvent for intraperitoneal (IP) administration was investigated. Skin histopathological changes were evaluated following a trial of subcutaneous injections of cannabinoids utilizing propylene glycol solvent.
DISCUSSION
Although IP delivery of cannabinoids with propylene glycol as solvent is a viable method and is preferable to oral treatment in order to reduce gastrointestinal tract degradation, it has substantial feasibility limitations. We conclude that subcutaneous delivery utilizing osmotic pumps with Kolliphor as a solvent provides viable and consistent route of administration for long-term systemic cannabinoid delivery in the preclinical context.
PubMed: 37340498
DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00194-9 -
Food Chemistry Mar 2023Whey protein (WP) is ubiquitously applied in food products, but its sensitivity to food processing conditions has limited its application. Herein, we chose propylene...
Whey protein (WP) is ubiquitously applied in food products, but its sensitivity to food processing conditions has limited its application. Herein, we chose propylene glycol alginate (PGA) to combine with WP to enhance its stability. The ideal ratio of WP/PGA for coacervation was 3:1, and the soluble complex and insoluble complex were formed at pH 5.2 (pHc) and pH 4.4 (pHφ1) at this ratio, respectively. The UV absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra, and XRD results revealed that the interaction between PGA and WP changed the tertiary conformation of WP. The FTIR and molecular docking results suggested electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions were all involved in the formation of WP-PGA complexes, and the thermal stability of WP was improved based on the DSC results. These findings supported PGA to keep dairy products stable and transparent at the isoelectric point and WP-PGA complexes could be applied in encapsulating bioactive substances.
Topics: Alginates; Molecular Docking Simulation; Whey Proteins
PubMed: 36444012
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134556 -
American Journal of Health-system... Jun 2022To compare the chemical stability of Captisol-enabled (CE) melphalan ("CE-melphalan"; Evomela, Acrotech Biopharma LLC) and propylene glycol (PG)-based melphalan...
PURPOSE
To compare the chemical stability of Captisol-enabled (CE) melphalan ("CE-melphalan"; Evomela, Acrotech Biopharma LLC) and propylene glycol (PG)-based melphalan ("PG-melphalan"; Alkeran, GlaxoSmithKline) admixtures prepared with 0.9% sodium chloride injection in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags or reconstituted vials stored at room temperature (RT) and under refrigeration.
METHODS
Lyophilized CE-melphalan and generic PG-melphalan were reconstituted to 5 mg/mL with 0.9% sodium chloride injection or manufacturer-supplied diluent, respectively. The reconstituted vials were then diluted to the desired concentrations with 0.9% sodium chloride injection in PVC bags and were stored at RT (23oC) or under refrigeration (4oC). Aliquots were withdrawn from the bags and reconstituted vials of CE-melphalan and PG-melphalan immediately after preparation and at predetermined time intervals. Melphalan concentrations were measured using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method.
RESULTS
CE-melphalan reconstituted in PVC bags at concentrations of 1 and 2 mg/mL was stable for 6 and 24 hours, respectively, at RT and for 8 and 24 hours, respectively, at 4oC. PG-melphalan reconstituted in bags at 1, 1.5, and 2 mg/mL was stable for 1, 2, and 2 hours, respectively, at RT and for 2, 4, and 4 hours, respectively, at 4oC. Reconstituted CE-melphalan vials were stable for 48 hours at both RT and 4oC, whereas PG-melphalan vials were stable for 6 hours at RT but formed precipitate within 2 hours at 4oC.
CONCLUSION
CE-melphalan remained stable longer than generic PG-melphalan under the test conditions. CE-melphalan at 2 mg/mL has 24-hour stability at RT and can be used for extended infusion times or may be compounded ahead of time. Reconstituted CE-melphalan vials are stable for 48 hours at both RT and 4oC.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Packaging; Drug Stability; Drug Storage; Humans; Melphalan; Polyvinyl Chloride; Propylene Glycols; Refrigeration; Sodium Chloride; Temperature; beta-Cyclodextrins
PubMed: 35176751
DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac055