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Biofabrication Jun 2023Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most lethal cancers in men worldwide. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in PCa development, which consists of...
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most lethal cancers in men worldwide. The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in PCa development, which consists of tumor cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix (ECM). Hyaluronic acid (HA) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the major components in the TME and are correlated with PCa proliferation and metastasis, while the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood due to the lack of biomimetic ECM components and coculture models. In this study, gelatin methacryloyl/chondroitin sulfate-based hydrogels were physically crosslinked with HA to develop a novel bioink for the three-dimensional bioprinting of a coculture model that can be used to investigate the effect of HA on PCa behaviors and the mechanism underlying PCa-fibroblasts interaction. PCa cells demonstrated distinct transcriptional profiles under HA stimulation, where cytokine secretion, angiogenesis, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition were significantly upregulated. Further coculture of PCa with normal fibroblasts activated CAF transformation, which could be induced by the upregulated cytokine secretion of PCa cells. These results suggested HA could not only promote PCa metastasis individually but also induce PCa cells to activate CAF transformation and form HA-CAF coupling effects to further promote PCa drug resistance and metastasis.
Topics: Male; Humans; Tumor Microenvironment; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Endothelial Cells; Bioprinting; Cell Line, Tumor; Prostatic Neoplasms; Cytokines
PubMed: 37236173
DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acd960 -
International Journal of Dermatology Mar 2023Hair lipid composition varies by ethnic hair type and by hair layer. Lipids in the cuticle, cortex, and medulla of the hair shaft provide a protective barrier to... (Review)
Review
Hair lipid composition varies by ethnic hair type and by hair layer. Lipids in the cuticle, cortex, and medulla of the hair shaft provide a protective barrier to environmental and chemical damage, prevent hair breakage and desorption, and affect the elastic and tensile properties of hair. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the lipid composition and ethnic differences of human hair, effects of external damage on lipid content and properties, and changes in hair lipid composition associated with disease states. PubMed/MEDLINE was searched up to March 2021 according to PRISMA guidelines for articles discussing the lipid content of human hair and effects of physical, chemical, or environmental damage, and disease. Fifty-nine articles investigating the lipid content of hair were included for review. Lipids affect fluid permeability, hydration, strength, and texture of ethnic hair fibers. Lipid loss is accelerated by hair-damaging treatments such as bleach, dye, perm, straightening, and surfactant use, and sun and aging processes, leading to dehydrated, breakable, disordered, and dull hair. Diseases including acne, alopecia, and breast, gastric, prostate, lung, and rectal cancers display elevated hair lipid levels. Lipids are vital in protection against damage and maintenance of healthy hair. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of lipids on the structural properties of ethnic hair, and changes in hair lipid composition with various dermatologic and systemic diseases.
Topics: Humans; Hair; Breast; Permeability; Acne Vulgaris; Lipids
PubMed: 35218566
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16109 -
Journal of Basic and Clinical... Nov 2023Systemic absorption of the irrigating fluid used to flush the operating site is a potentially serious complication in several types of endoscopic operations. To increase...
OBJECTIVES
Systemic absorption of the irrigating fluid used to flush the operating site is a potentially serious complication in several types of endoscopic operations. To increase safety, many surgeons have changed from a monopolar to a bipolar resection technique because 0.9% saline can then be used instead of electrolyte-free fluid for irrigation. The present study examines whether the tendency for excessive plasma volume expansion is greater with saline than with electrolyte-free fluid.
METHODS
Pooled data were analyzed from four studies in which a mean of 1.25 L of either 0.9% saline or an electrolyte-free irrigating fluid containing glycine, mannitol, and sorbitol was given by intravenous infusion on 80 occasions to male volunteers and patients scheduled for transurethral prostatic surgery. The distribution of the infused fluid was analyzed with a population volume kinetic model based on frequently measured hemodilution and the urinary excretion.
RESULTS
Electrolyte-free fluid distributed almost twice as fast and was excreted four times faster than 0.9% saline. The distribution half-life was 6.5 and 10.6 min for the electrolyte-free fluid and saline, respectively, and the elimination half-lives (by urinary excretion) from the plasma volume were 21 and 87 min. Simulation showed that the plasma volume expansion was twice as great from 0.9% saline than from electrolyte-free fluid.
CONCLUSIONS
Isotonic (0.9%) saline expands the plasma volume by twice as much as occurs with electrolyte-free irrigating fluids. This difference might explain why signs of cardiovascular overload are the most commonly observed adverse effects when saline is absorbed during endoscopic surgery.
PubMed: 34563101
DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0032 -
Medicina 2022Bleeding is the most common complication after a prostate biopsy, commonly self-limited. We describe a case of a patient who developed a hemoperitoneum after a...
Bleeding is the most common complication after a prostate biopsy, commonly self-limited. We describe a case of a patient who developed a hemoperitoneum after a transperineal prostate biopsy. A 65-year-old man with a history of prostate cancer diagnosed in 2016 by transurethral resection, with no further urologic control until 2020 when a rise in the serum prostate-specific antigen was diagnosed: 4.49 ng/ml. Prostate digital rectal examination had no pathologic findings. Magnetic resonance imaging informed anequivocal lesion. A target transperineal fusion biopsy was performed, guided by ultrasound (US). Pre-surgical blood tests, including coagulogram, were normal. No immediate postoperative complications were recorded, and the patient was discharged. Hours later, he returned after a head concussion due to orthostatic hypotension and diffuse abdominal pain. Blood test showed a drop in hematocrit and hemoglobin values. Abdominal US and abdominopelvic computed tomography scan showed free intraperitoneal fluid and intraperitoneal hematic collection on top of the bladder of 104 × 86 mm with no active bleeding. The patient was admitted to intensive care unit due to persistent hypotension despite fluid restoration. He received a single-unit blood transfusion and had a good response to vasopressors. Abdominal pain decreased. He was finally discharged with stable hematocrit 48hours after admission. Clinical management with no surgery or radiologic angio-embolization was required. We found no clear origin of the intraperitoneal bleeding, but we hypothesize that maybe the previous transurethral resection of the prostate made anatomical changes that facilitated blood passage to the abdominal cavity after puncture of branches from the inferior vesical artery.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Aged; Hemoperitoneum; Humans; Image-Guided Biopsy; Male; Prostate; Transurethral Resection of Prostate; Ultrasonography, Interventional
PubMed: 35639070
DOI: No ID Found -
Biophysical Reviews Oct 2020Understanding the metabolism of prostate cancer (PCa) is important for developing better diagnostic approaches and also for exploring new therapeutic targets. Magnetic... (Review)
Review
Understanding the metabolism of prostate cancer (PCa) is important for developing better diagnostic approaches and also for exploring new therapeutic targets. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques have been shown to be useful in the detection and quantification of metabolites. PCa illustrates metabolic phenotype, showing lower levels of citrate (Cit), a key metabolite of oxidative phosphorylation and alteration in several metabolic pathways to sustain tumor growth. Recently, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) studies have documented high rates of glycolysis (Warburg phenomenon) in PCa. High-throughput metabolic profiling strategies using MRS on variety of samples including intact tissues, biofluids like prostatic fluid, seminal fluid, blood plasma/sera, and urine have also played a vital role in understanding the abnormal metabolic activity of PCa patients. The enhanced analytical potential of these techniques in the detection and quantification of a large number of metabolites provides an in-depth understanding of metabolic rewiring associated with the tumorigenesis. Metabolomics analysis offers dual advantages of identification of diagnostic and predictive biomarkers as well as in understanding the altered metabolic pathways which can be targeted for inhibiting the cancer progression. This review briefly describes the potential applications of in vivo H MRS, high-resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy (HRMAS) and in vitro MRS methods in understanding the metabolic changes of PCa and its usefulness in the management of PCa patients.
PubMed: 32918707
DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00758-6 -
Translational Andrology and Urology May 2021The latest research has shown that exosomes play an important role in cell-to-cell communication and are closely related to the occurrence of many chronic inflammatory...
BACKGROUND
The latest research has shown that exosomes play an important role in cell-to-cell communication and are closely related to the occurrence of many chronic inflammatory diseases. However, no studies have clarified whether exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of aseptic inflammation, type IIIA chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS-A). This study aimed to explore the relationship between prostatic fluid exosomes and CP/CPPS-A and reveal new pathogenesis.
METHODS
Our group collected prostatic fluid samples from CP/CPPS-A patients and normal adult men. Electron microscope, quantitative PCR (qPCR), Western Blot, nanoparticle tracking analysis, hematoxylin-and-eosin (HE) staining, immunofluorescence staining and miRNA-155 functional analysis were used to verify the role of exosomes in CP/CPPS-A and .
RESULTS
Exosomes were abundantly enriched in the prostatic fluid of CP/CPPS-A patients and selectively overloaded with microRNA-155 (). These exosomes were taken up by prostatic stromal cells in large quantities. They activated interleukin (IL)-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression , and the integrity of the exosomes' plasma membrane is a necessary condition for information transmission by exosomes. In experiments, histological results showed that prostatic fluid exosomes induced prostatitis in rats. Also, immunofluorescence staining showed excessive activation of IL-8, TNF-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).
CONCLUSIONS
Exosomes in the prostatic fluid and the contained therein were may be involved with the pathogenesis of CP/CPPS-A.
PubMed: 34159078
DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-139 -
Journal of Community Hospital Internal... Aug 2020Epididymo-orchitis (EO) is inflammation of the epididymis and testicles. In patients older than thirty-five years, it is commonly due to coliform or uropathogenic...
Epididymo-orchitis (EO) is inflammation of the epididymis and testicles. In patients older than thirty-five years, it is commonly due to coliform or uropathogenic organisms, whereas younger adults are prone to sexually transmitted infections. We present a relatively infrequent case of gonococcal EO in an octogenarian. This case describes a geriatric male who presented to the emergency department in septic shock. His history was notable for prostate cancer, urinary incontinence and multiple sexual partners. He endorsed perineal pain, localized tenderness with chills and dysuria, and was eventually diagnosed with bilateral EO and hydroceles on repeat ultrasound. PCR was positive for N. gonorrhea. His symptoms responded well to fluid resuscitation and antimicrobial therapy. This case demonstrates that EO secondary to sexually transmitted infections is an important consideration in even the oldest old. It is therefore imperative to obtain a detailed sexual history and identify high-risk sexual behaviors in this population.
PubMed: 32850096
DOI: 10.1080/20009666.2020.1774253 -
Proteomic discovery of non-invasive biomarkers of localized prostate cancer using mass spectrometry.Nature Reviews. Urology Dec 2021Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer in men worldwide. Patient outcomes are remarkably heterogeneous and the best existing clinical... (Review)
Review
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed non-skin cancer in men worldwide. Patient outcomes are remarkably heterogeneous and the best existing clinical prognostic tools such as International Society of Urological Pathology Grade Group, pretreatment serum PSA concentration and T-category, do not accurately predict disease outcome for individual patients. Thus, patients newly diagnosed with prostate cancer are often overtreated or undertreated, reducing quality of life and increasing disease-specific mortality. Biomarkers that can improve the risk stratification of these patients are, therefore, urgently needed. The ideal biomarker in this setting will be non-invasive and affordable, enabling longitudinal evaluation of disease status. Prostatic secretions, urine and blood can be sources of biomarker discovery, validation and clinical implementation, and mass spectrometry can be used to detect and quantify proteins in these fluids. Protein biomarkers currently in use for diagnosis, prognosis and relapse-monitoring of localized prostate cancer in fluids remain centred around PSA and its variants, and opportunities exist for clinically validating novel and complimentary candidate protein biomarkers and deploying them into the clinic.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Prognosis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Proteomics; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 34453155
DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00500-1 -
Urologia Internationalis 2021The role of Ureaplasma spp. (UPs) in the pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis is debated. The lithogenic potential of UPs could be a risk factor for the development of...
INTRODUCTION
The role of Ureaplasma spp. (UPs) in the pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis is debated. The lithogenic potential of UPs could be a risk factor for the development of chronic prostatitis.
METHODS
A total of 143 patients with identification of UPs were retrospectively selected from a database including patients with prostatitis-like symptoms who were studied according to the same protocol including clinical, microbiological and microscopic evaluation, and transrectal prostate ultrasound. A control group of patients with negative UPs was considered including 393 with chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP), 42 patients with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and 781 patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome. UPs and Mycoplasma hominis (MH) were identified using a semiquantitative assay.
RESULTS
Calcifications were observed more frequently in patients with UPs (64%) than in patients with CBP without UPs (39%), CT infection (37%), and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (29%) (p < 0.0001). UPs were isolated in VB1 alone in 35 patients (urethral UPs), in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) or post-massage urine (VB3) or sperm in 77 patients (prostatic UPs) and associated with other pathogens in 31 patients (associated UPs). Calcifications were more frequent in prostatic UPs (71%) and associated UPs (73%) than in urethral UPs (34%). Mean NIH-CPSI scores were not significantly different between groups, although mean WBC counts of sperm of patients with urethral UPs were significantly lower than in patients with prostatic UPs (p = 0.000) and associated UPs (p = 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS
UPs identification in the urogenital fluids is related to higher rates of prostate calcifications. The ability of UPs to promote the formation of calcifications could be related to the chronicization of prostate infection. In particular, the presence of UPs in VB3/EPS/sperm is associated with higher rates of calcifications and high WBC sperm counts, suggesting a partial or full causative role of UPs in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Topics: Adult; Calcinosis; Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prostatitis; Retrospective Studies; Ureaplasma; Ureaplasma Infections; Urethra
PubMed: 33264795
DOI: 10.1159/000511653 -
Journal of Forensic Sciences May 2021Serological screening of sexual assault evidence has traditionally focused on enzyme activity and immunochromatographic assays that provide only a presumptive indication...
Serological screening of sexual assault evidence has traditionally focused on enzyme activity and immunochromatographic assays that provide only a presumptive indication of seminal fluid and have limited sensitivity relative to DNA testing. Seminal fluid detection based on protein mass spectrometry represents a "Next Gen" serological technology that overcomes the specificity and sensitivity limitations of traditional serological screening but requires time-consuming sample preparation protocols. This paper describes a novel "peptidomics" approach to seminal fluid detection that eliminates the need for lengthy trypsin digestion. This streamlines sample preparation to a one-step process followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify naturally occurring seminal fluid peptides and low-molecular weight proteins. Multiple protein biomarkers of seminal fluid were consistently and confidently identified based on the multiplexed detection of numerous endogenous peptides. These included Semenogelin I and II (90% and 86% sequence coverage, respectively); Prostate Specific Antigen/p30 (29% sequence coverage); and Prostatic Acid Phosphatase (24% sequence coverage). The performance of this streamlined peptidomics approach to seminal fluid identification in a forensic context was also assessed using simulated casework samples of the type typically collected as part of a sexual assault examination (e.g., oral and vaginal swabs stained with semen). The resulting data demonstrate that sub-microliter quantities of seminal fluid on cotton swabs can be recovered and reliably detected. This supports the forensic applicability of a peptidomic assay for seminal fluid identification with same-day sample preparation and analysis. Future development and streamlined multiplex peptidomic assays for additional biological stains can easily be envisaged.
Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Biomarkers; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Male; Mass Spectrometry; Prostate-Specific Antigen; Semen; Seminal Vesicle Secretory Proteins; Solid Phase Extraction
PubMed: 33289932
DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14646