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Frontiers in Microbiology 2022The emergence of antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms is a serious public health concern, and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing is one of the... (Review)
Review
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms is a serious public health concern, and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing is one of the major concerns among antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Although the prevalence of ESBL in has been increasing with time, the prevalence of ESBL could differ according to the species, hospital allocation, sources of infections, nosocomial or community acquisitions, and geographic regions. Therefore, we conducted a comprehensive review of the epidemiology of ESBL-producing in Taiwan. Overall, the rates of ESBL producers are higher in northern regions than in other parts of Taiwan. In addition, the genotypes of ESBL vary according to different . SHV-type ESBLs (SHV-5 and SHV-12) were the major types of complex, but and were more likely to possess CTX-M-type ESBLs (CTX-M-3 and CTX-M-14). Moreover, a clonal sequence type of O25b-ST131 has been emerging among urinary or bloodstream isolates in the community in Taiwan, and this clone was potentially associated with virulence, ESBL (CTX-M-15) production, ciprofloxacin resistance, and mortality. Finally, the evolution of the genetic traits of the ESBL-producing isolates helps us confirm the interhospital and intrahospital clonal dissemination in several regions of Taiwan. In conclusion, continuous surveillance in the investigation of ESBL production among is needed to establish its long-term epidemiology.
PubMed: 36762100
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1060050 -
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and... Jun 2022Fluoroquinolones are a group of antibiotics used in urinary tract infections. Unfortunately, resistance to this group of drugs is currently growing. The combined action...
BACKGROUND
Fluoroquinolones are a group of antibiotics used in urinary tract infections. Unfortunately, resistance to this group of drugs is currently growing. The combined action of fluoroquinolones and other antibacterial and anti-biofilm substances may extend the use of this therapeutic option by clinicians. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of selected fluoroquinolones and therapeutic concentrations of ascorbic acid and rutoside on biofilm formation by Proteus mirabilis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study included 15 strains of P. mirabilis isolated from urinary tract infections in patients of the University Hospital No. 1 dr A. Jurasz in Bydgoszcz (Poland). The metabolic activity of the biofilm treated with 0.4 mg/ml ascorbic acid, 0.02 µg/ml rutoside and chemotherapeutic agents (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin) in the concentration range of 0.125-4.0 MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) was assessed spectrophotometrically.
RESULTS
Both ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin inhibited biofilm formation by the tested strains. The biofilm reduction rate was correlated with the increasing concentration of antibiotic used. No synergism in fluoroquinolones with ascorbic acid, rutoside or both was found. The ascorbic acid and rutoside combination, however, significantly decreased biofilm production.
CONCLUSIONS
Our research proves a beneficial impact of ascorbic acid with rutoside supplementation on biofilm of P. mirabilis strains causing urinary tract infections.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ascorbic Acid; Biofilms; Ciprofloxacin; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Norfloxacin; Proteus mirabilis; Rutin
PubMed: 35655208
DOI: 10.1186/s12941-022-00515-5 -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2022Integrons are the main mode of horizontal transmission of drug-resistance genes and are closely related to drug resistance in clinical bacteria. In this study, the...
BACKGROUND
Integrons are the main mode of horizontal transmission of drug-resistance genes and are closely related to drug resistance in clinical bacteria. In this study, the distributions of class 1, 2, and 3 integron gene cassettes were investigated in 150 () isolates from patients, and molecular characterization of functional class 2 integrons was further analyzed.
METHODS
Class 1, 2, and 3 integrons were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 150 clinical isolates. The variable regions of the integrons were determined by restriction analysis and sequencing. Internal stop codons mutations in class 2 integrons and their common promoters were also determined by sequencing. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) was used to analyze the phylogenetic relations of class 2 integron-positive isolates.
RESULTS
Class 1 integrons were detected in 69 (46%) of 150 isolates, and six different gene cassette arrays were detected, with the most prevalent being . Class 2 integrons were detected in 61 (40.7%) of 150 isolates, and three different gene cassette arrays were detected, including , which was detected for the first time in a class 2 integron. Nearly similar ERIC-PCR fingerprinting patterns were detected in 45 (73.8%) of 61 class 2 integron-positive isolates. The functional class 2 integron was detected in three isolates having the same gene cassette, , in the variable region and four novel open reading frames with unknown functions. Same P and Pc promoters were detected in these three functional class 2 integron isolates, as was found in other class 2 integron isolates. However, these three strains did not totally show identical homology and drug sensitivity.
CONCLUSION
Although functional class 2 integrons have low distribution and relatively conserved molecular characteristics, they can still form clinical dissemination and drug resistance expression.
PubMed: 35210790
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S347119 -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology,... Jun 2024Copper plays a role in urinary tract infection (UTI) and urinary copper content is increased during Proteus mirabilis UTI. We therefore investigated the effect of copper...
BACKGROUND
Copper plays a role in urinary tract infection (UTI) and urinary copper content is increased during Proteus mirabilis UTI. We therefore investigated the effect of copper on uropathogenic P. mirabilis and the underlying mechanisms, focusing on the virulence associated aspects.
METHODS
Mouse colonization, swarming/swimming assays, measurement of cell length, flagellin level and urease activity, adhesion/invasion assay, biofilm formation, killing by macrophages, oxidative stress susceptibility, OMPs analysis, determination of MICs and persister cell formation, RT-PCR and transcriptional reporter assay were performed.
RESULTS
We found that copper-supplemented mice were more resistant to be colonized in the urinary tract, together with decreased swarming/swimming, ureases activity, expression of type VI secretion system and adhesion/invasion to urothelial cells and increased killing by macrophages of P. mirabilis at a sublethal copper level. However, bacterial biofilm formation and resistance to oxidative stress were enhanced under the same copper level. Of note, the presence of copper led to increased ciprofloxacin MIC and more persister cell formation against ampicillin. In addition, the presence of copper altered the outer membrane protein profile and triggered expression of RcsB response regulator. For the first time, we unveiled the pleiotropic effects of copper on uropathogenic P. mirabilis, especially for induction of bacterial two-component signaling system regulating fitness and virulence.
CONCLUSION
The finding of copper-mediated virulence and fitness reinforced the importance of copper for prevention and therapeutic interventions against P. mirabilis infections. As such, this study could facilitate the copper-based strategies against UTI by P. mirabilis.
Topics: Proteus mirabilis; Animals; Urinary Tract Infections; Copper; Mice; Virulence; Biofilms; Proteus Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Female; Phenotype; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Oxidative Stress; Macrophages; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Proteins
PubMed: 38453541
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2024.02.007 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2021-mediated CAUTIs are usually initiated by the adherence of bacteria to a urinary catheter surface. In this paper, three isolates of different origin and exhibiting...
-mediated CAUTIs are usually initiated by the adherence of bacteria to a urinary catheter surface. In this paper, three isolates of different origin and exhibiting different adhesion abilities were investigated in search of any changes in lipidome components which might contribute to adhesion to catheters. Using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS techniques, 21 fatty acids and 27 phospholipids were identified in the examined cells. The comparison of the profiles of phospholipids and fatty acids obtained for catheter-attached cells and planktonic cells of the pathogens indicated C11:0 and PE 37:2 levels as values which could be related to adhesion to a catheter, as well as C16:1, PE 32:0, PE 33:0, PE 38:2, PG 33:1, PG 34:0, PE 30:1, PE 32:1 and PG 30:2 levels as values which could be associated with cell hydrophobicity. Based on DiBAC (3) fluorescence intensity and an affinity to -xylene, it was found that the inner membrane depolarization, as well as strong cell-surface hydrophobicity, were important for adhesion to a silicone catheter. A generalized polarization of Laurdan showed lower values for cells attached to the catheter surface than for planktonic cells, suggesting lower packing density of membrane components of the adherent cells compared with tightly packed, stiffened membranes of the planktonic cells. Taken together, these data indicate that high surface hydrophobicity, fluidization and depolarization of cell membranes enable colonization of a silicone urinary catheter surface.
Topics: Bacterial Adhesion; Fatty Acids; Humans; Phospholipids; Proteus Infections; Proteus mirabilis; Urinary Catheters
PubMed: 34445157
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168452 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023is the one of most important pathogens of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) severely limits antibiotic...
OBJECTIVE
is the one of most important pathogens of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) severely limits antibiotic treatments, which poses a public health risk. This study aims to investigate the resistance characteristics and virulence potential for a collection of clinical isolates.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed fourteen MDR strains, which showed high resistance to most β-lactams and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and a lesser extent to quinolones. All the MDR strains were sensitive to carbapenems (except imipenem), ceftazidime, and amikacin, and most of them were also sensitive to aminoglycosides. The obtained MDR isolates were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq. The core genome-based phylogenetic tree reveals the high genetic diversity of these MDR isolates and highlights the possibility of clonal spread of them across China. Mobile genetic elements SXT/R391 ICEs were commonly (10/14) detected in these MDR strains, whereas the presence of resistance island GRI1 and plasmid was sporadic. All ICEs except for ICEChn31006 carried abundant antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the HS4 region, including the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene . ICEChn31006 contained the sole ARG and was nearly identical to the global epidemic ICEPmiJpn1. The findings highlight the important roles of ICEs in mediating the spread of ARGs in strains. Additionally, these MDR strains have great virulence potential as they exhibited significant virulence-related phenotypes including strong crystalline biofilm, hemolysis, urease production, and robust swarming motility, and harbored abundant virulence genes.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the prevalence of MDR with high virulence potential poses an urgent threat to public health. Intensive monitoring is needed to reduce the incidence of infections by MDR .
Topics: Phylogeny; Proteus mirabilis; Virulence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Amikacin; Caspase 1
PubMed: 37637463
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1229194 -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Oct 2022To detect a potential hidden dissemination of the blaOXA-48 gene among Proteus mirabilis isolates obtained from a single centre.
OBJECTIVES
To detect a potential hidden dissemination of the blaOXA-48 gene among Proteus mirabilis isolates obtained from a single centre.
METHODS
P. mirabilis from diverse clinical samples presenting an ESBL phenotype or obtained from blood cultured from 2017 to 2019 were evaluated. Bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS. MICs were determined using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard microdilution and interpreted following EUCAST guidelines. WGS was performed using both short- and long-read technologies and assemblies were done using Unicycler. Resistomes were assessed using the ResFinder database. SNPs were detected using the PATRIC bioinformatics platform. Cloning experiments were performed using the pCRII-TOPO cloning kit.
RESULTS
Thirty-one out of 108 (28.7%) isolates were positive for blaOXA-48 and blaCTX-M-15. Twenty-nine out of 31 of the isolates were susceptible to temocillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ertapenem and meropenem, whereas only 2/31 showed a resistance phenotype against these antibiotics. Both blaOXA-48 and blaCTX-M-15 genes were detected within the same chromosomally integrated new transposon in all isolates. The resistant isolates displayed a single mutation located in the putative promoter upstream of blaOXA-48. Cloning experiments confirmed that the mutation was responsible for the resistance phenotype.
CONCLUSIONS
The presence of a chromosomal copy of blaOXA-48 did not confer resistance to carbapenems, but a single mutation in the promoter could lead to an increase in resistance. This study shows a hidden circulation of OXA-48-positive, but carbapenem- and piperacillin/tazobactam-susceptible, P. mirabilis isolates that can become resistant to β-lactams after a single mutation.
Topics: Carbapenems; Proteus mirabilis; beta-Lactamases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination
PubMed: 35971566
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac267 -
Mymensingh Medical Journal : MMJ Apr 2021Different Proteus species are encountered in human infections and may vary with the type of infections they cause. So, the present study was conducted to detect species...
Different Proteus species are encountered in human infections and may vary with the type of infections they cause. So, the present study was conducted to detect species of Proteus by PCR and RFLP along with their antibiotic resistance pattern. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology of Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2018 to June 2019. A total of 500 wound swab and pus, urine and blood samples were tested for bacterial pathogens. Proteus spp. were identified and differentiated by biochemical test, PCR and RFLP. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by disc-diffusion technique. Fourty Proteus spp. was isolated from 300 culture positive samples, giving 13.33% prevalence of Proteus infections. Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris were identified by culture, biochemical test, PCR and RFLP. The results were similar by both methods (biochemical tests and PCR). RFLP of 16S rRNA fragments digested with HaeIII revealed that P. mirabilis consisted of two bands at approximately 110 and 190 bp and P. vulgaris consisted of three bands at approximately 100, 180 and 220 bp. The proportion (80%) of P. mirabilis was more than P. vulgaris. Highest proportion (77.5%) of Proteus spp. was isolated from wound swab and pus followed by urine samples. A significant proportion of Proteus spp. was multidrug resistant (90%) and extensively drug resistant (37.5%). Fosfomycin was found the most sensitive drug followed by imipenem. This study provided an insight into antibiotic resistance pattern of Proteus spp. and showed high level resistance towards commonly used antimicrobial agents. PCR and RFLP may be suitable method to identify and differentiate species of Proteus and to treat them accordingly.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bangladesh; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Proteus; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 33830114
DOI: No ID Found -
Scientific Reports Aug 2022Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) is a frequent cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. This study aims to investigate the anti-infective effect of Alhagi...
Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) is a frequent cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. This study aims to investigate the anti-infective effect of Alhagi maurorum extract (AME), the traditional medicinal plant in the middle east, on the biofilm-forming P. mirabilis isolates. Hydroalcoholic extract and oil of A. maurorum were characterized by HPLC and GC-MS. The antiproliferative, anti-biofilm, and bactericidal activity of AME at various concentrations were assessed by turbidity, crystal violet binding, and agar well diffusion assays, respectively. The AME's effect on adhesion and quorum sensing (QS) were investigated by in vitro adhesion assay on cell culture and agar overlay assay using Janthinobacterium lividum (ATCC 12472) as a biosensor strain. In addition, the expression level of selected genes involved in QS and biofilm regulation were determined by quantitative Real-Time PCR. Furthermore, the bladder phantom model was created to evaluate the assays and investigate the catheter's calcium deposition. The most effective chemical compounds found in AME were tamarixetin, quercetin, and trans-anethole. Although AME did not inhibit swarming motility, it reduced biofilm production and exerted a concentration-dependent anti-adhesive and anti-QS activity against P. mirabilis. AME also downregulated the expression level of selected genes involved in biofilm formation and QS. This study showed that AME as a natural compound reduced biofilm formation of P. mirabilis by targeting virulence factor genes, quorum sensing, and other strategies that include preventing the adhesion of P. mirabilis to the cells. The results suggest that A. maurorum extract might have the potential to be considered for preventing UTIs caused by P. mirabilis.
Topics: Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Catheters; Fabaceae; Humans; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Proteus mirabilis; Quorum Sensing; Urinary Tract Infections; Virulence
PubMed: 35978046
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18362-x -
Microorganisms Jun 2020The emergence of biofilm-forming, multi-drug-resistant (MDR) infections is a serious threat that necessitates non-antibiotic therapies. Antibiotic susceptibility and...
The emergence of biofilm-forming, multi-drug-resistant (MDR) infections is a serious threat that necessitates non-antibiotic therapies. Antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm-forming activity of isolates from urine samples were assessed by disc diffusion and crystal violet assays, respectively. Antimicrobial activities of probiotic by crystal violet assays. While most isolates were antibiotic-resistant to varying degrees, isolate P14 was MDR (resistant to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin) and formed strong biofilms. Cultures and cell-free supernatants of and exhibited antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. The 1/16 concentration of untreated supernatants of and significantly reduced mature biofilm formation and adherence of P14 by 60% and 72%, respectively (for ), and by 73% each (for ). The 1/8 concentration of pH-adjusted supernatants of and significantly reduced mature biofilm formation and adherence of P14 by 39% and 75%, respectively (for ), and by 73% each (for ). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed eradication of P14's biofilm by . and could be utilized to combat -associated urinary tract infections.
PubMed: 32604867
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060960